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Nervous System
Anatomy & Physiology I Lab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three overlapping functions of the nervous system? | Sensory input, integration, motor output. |
| What are the two major parts the nervous system is divided into? | Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). |
| What does the CNS consist of? | The brain and spinal cord. |
| What does the PNS consist of? | The nerves, ganglia and receptors. |
| How is the PNS further divided? | Into Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent) divisions. |
| What does the Sensory (afferent) division do? | Carries impulses to the CNS. |
| What does the Motor (efferent) division do? | Carries impulses away from the CNS. |
| What are the two subdivisions of the Motor (efferent) division? | 1) Somatic — to voluntary muscles. 2) Autonomic (ANS) — to involuntary muscles and glands. |
| What does the Sympathetic division do? | Mobilizes for activity. |
| What does the Parasympathetic division do? | Conserves energy. |
| What are neurons? | The functional unit of the nervous system; specialized cells that conduct messages (action potentials aka AP) from one part of the body to another. |
| What are the listed characteristics of neurons? | Excitability, extreme longevity, amitotic, high metabolic rate. |
| How are neurons classified by structure? | Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar (pseudounipolar) |
| How are neurons classified by function? | Sensory (afferent) neurons, motor (efferent) neurons, interneurons. |
| What is the role of neuroglia? | Provide support and protection to delicate neurons. |
| Which neuroglia are in the CNS (named)? | Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells and ependymal cells. |
| Which neuroglia are in the PNS (named)? | Schwann cells and satellite cells |
| What is the myelin sheath? | A white, fatty substance — the cytoplasmic membrane of Schwann/oligodendrocytes wrapped like a jellyroll. |
| What are the functions of the myelin sheath as listed? | Protects & electrically insulates neuron fibers; increases speed of nerve impulses. |
| What conduction process is associated with myelinated axons? | Saltatory conduction. |
| What claim about axons was included? | Axons always myelinated! (as written in your notes) |
| How is the synapse defined in your notes? | Junction between a neuron (presynaptic neuron) and an effector cell (sometimes a muscle, often another neuron, a postsynaptic neuron). |
| What happens when an action potential reaches the terminal axon? | Causes release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft. |
| What happens when neurotransmitter binds receptors on the postsynaptic neuron? | It either excites or inhibits an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. |
| What two major structures make up the CNS (repeated)? | The brain and spinal cord. |
| How is the brain compared metaphorically in your notes? | Compared to a networked cloud of computers. |
| What is the CNS role described? | Sends, receives and integrates information to/from the body. |
| What are the four major brain regions listed? | Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum. |
| What are gray matter and white matter as described? | Gray matter—short, nonmyelinated neurons and neuron cell bodies. White matter—mostly myelinated axons (fatty myelin gives white color). |
| What are ventricles? | Hollow chambers deep in the brain that house cerebrospinal fluid; all ventricles are continuous with one another AND the central canal of the spinal cord. |
| What controls consciousness and is the two large, superior portion of the brain? | Cerebral hemispheres (two). |
| What are gyri, sulci and fissures? | Gyri = elevated ridges; Sulci = shallow grooves; Fissures = deeper grooves. |
| How many lobes does each hemisphere have and what are they named for? | Five lobes — frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal (named for bones), and insula. |
| What is the corpus callosum? | The major commissure (band of nerve tissue) connecting the cerebral hemispheres. |
| Parietal lobe main functions? | Primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex. |
| Occipital lobe main function? | Primary visual cortex. |
| Temporal lobe main functions? | Primary auditory and olfactory cortex; Wernicke’s area — a primary speech area |
| Frontal lobe main functions? | Primary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca’s area — a primary speech area. |
| Insula functions? | Gustatory cortex (insula just deep to temporal lobe); visceral sensory area (posterior to gustatory cortex). |
| What is the anterior association area (aka prefrontal cortex) responsible for? | Intellect, cognition, recall, personality, judgement, reasoning, planning and working memory; matures slowly and depends on social feedback. |
| What does the posterior association area do? | Encompasses parts of temporal, parietal and occipital lobes; involved in recognizing patterns, spatial awareness, binding different sensory inputs into a whole. |
| What does the limbic association area involve and do? | Involves cerebral (cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala and hippocampus) and diencephalon (hypothalamus and mammillary bodies) structures; linked to emotions and memory. |
| What structures are included in the diencephalon? | Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus. |
| Thalamus role per notes? | ‘Relay station’ for sensory impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation; involved in memory processing. |
| Hypothalamus roles per notes? | Important integration center for autonomic nervous system; regulation of body temperature, food intake, water balance, biological rhythms; regulates hormonal outputs; produces oxytocin and ADH. |
| What are mammillary bodies? | Ventral bulges important in recollective memory. |
| What does the epithalamus include and do? | Portion makes up the pineal gland, responsible for melatonin production; helps regulate sleep-wake cycle. |
| What are the major parts of the brainstem listed? | Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata. |
| Midbrain functions per notes? | Visual & auditory reflex centers (corpora quadragemina, collectively); subcortical motor centers; cerebral aqueduct and cerebral peduncles. |
| Pons functions per notes? | Motor and sensory fiber tracts connecting brain with lower CNS (cerebrum to cerebellum); respiratory control centers. |
| Medulla oblongata functions per notes? | Houses autonomic centers controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter/blood pressure, respiratory rate, vomiting, coughing. |
| What is the cerebellum described as? | Second largest part of the brain; processes information from cerebral motor cortex, proprioceptors and visual/equilibrium pathways; outputs to cerebral motor cortex & subcortical motor centers for smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements. |
| What is the arbor vitae? | Tree-like branching of white matter; “tree of life”. |
| What is the vermis? | Worm-like structure connecting two cerebellar hemispheres. |
| What three layers are the meninges of the brain? | Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater. |
| What characterizes dura mater per notes? | Tough mother”; outermost meninx. |
| What characterizes arachnoid mater? | Middle meninx with a cobweb-like appearance. |
| What characterizes pia mater? | “Soft mother”; innermost meninx. |
| What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? | Plasma-like in composition; provides a liquid cushion & buoyancy; found in ventricles of brain and subarachnoid space. |
| What produces CSF? | Choroid plexuses — small capillary knots in the roof of the ventricles (CSF continually formed). |
| What absorbs CSF back into circulation? | Arachnoid villi / granulations. |
| What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)? | Mechanism that protects the brain’s almost constant environment; maintained mostly by extremely tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells. |
| What is the spinal cord’s role? | After the brain, it is the 2nd major CNS structure; housed in the vertebral column; provides two-way conduction to/from the brain to peripheral nerves and plays a major role in reflex activity. |
| Where is the spinal cord housed? | In the vertebral column, extends from the foramen magnum inferiorly. |
| What is the spinal dura mater like per notes? | Single layered. |
| What is the epidural space described as housing? | Houses cerebrospinal fluid (as written in your notes). |
| What is the cauda equina? | Collection of spinal nerves traversing the inferior end of the vertebral canal; resembles a “horse’s tail” |
| What is the conus medullaris? | The cone-shaped terminus of the spinal cord. |
| What is the filum terminale? | Extension of the dura mater and arachnoid meningeal coverings extending beyond the conus medullaris. |
| What does the PNS include? | Cranial AND spinal nerves. |
| How is a nerve defined in your notes? | A bundle of axons, arranged in fascicles, that is found in the PNS. |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 pairs. |
| What is a mixed nerve? | A nerve containing both sensory AND motor portions radiating from the spinal cord. |
| What does the sensory (afferent) division do? | Sends sensation information to the brain for perception and processing. |
| What does the motor (efferent) division do? | Activates motor effectors (muscle fibers) based on information from the brain to carry out motor behavior. |
| What are the two divisions of the motor efferent division? | Somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary). |
| What is a plexus? | Complex networks of joining and diverging nerves. |
| What are the four major plexuses? | Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral. |
| Where is the cervical plexus and what are its nerve roots? | Deep to sternocleidomastoid muscle; contributions from C1–C4 (minor C5 contribution). |
| What is the most important nerve of the cervical plexus and its function? | Phrenic nerve — supplies motor and sensory nerves to the diaphragm. |
| Where is the brachial plexus and what are its nerve roots? | Partially in neck and axilla; nerves C5–C8 and most of T1. |
| Major nerves of the brachial plexus? | Axillary, musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar and median nerves. |
| What are the nerve roots of the lumbar plexus? | L1–L4 with small contribution from T12. |
| What does the lumbar plexus innervate and major nerves? | Innervates abdominal wall and anterior and medial thigh. Major nerves: Iliohypogastric, Ilioinguinal, Genitofemoral, Femoral, Lateral Femoral Cutaneous and Obturator nerves. |
| What are the nerve roots of the sacral plexus? | L5–S4. |
| What does the sacral plexus innervate and major nerves? | Innervates buttock, lower limb and pelvic structures. Major nerves: Superior Gluteal, Inferior Gluteal, Pudendal, Posterior Femoral Cutaneous and Sciatic nerves. |
| Which nerve is described as the thickest and longest in the body? | The sciatic nerve. |
| What is a dermatome? | Area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve. |
| Which spinal nerves participate in dermatomes? | All spinal nerves except C1. |
| Why are dermatomes clinically useful? | Extent of spinal cord injuries ascertained by affected dermatomes. |
| Do dermatomes overlap? | Yes — most dermatomes overlap, so destruction of a single spinal nerve will not cause complete numbness. |
| What is Hilton’s law? | Any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates that joint and skin over that joint. |
| What is the ANS considered in relation to the PNS? | A division of the PNS → Motor (efferent) division. |
| What is another name for the ANS? | Involuntary Nervous System. |
| What does the ANS maintain? | Internal homeostasis — controls blood pressure, respirations, body temperature, hormonal control, etc. |
| What is meant by dual innervation? | Organs receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic producing opposite effects. |
| What are the two divisions of the ANS and their broad functions? | Sympathetic — mobilizes the body during activity or stress. Parasympathetic — promotes maintenance functions and conserves body energy. |
| What are action potentials abbreviated as? | AP. |
| What phrase describes oligodendrocyte vs Schwann cell myelination? | From earlier notes) cytoplasmic membrane of Schwann/oligodendrocytes, wrapped like a jellyroll. |
| What is the functional analogy used for the CNS in your notes? | Compared to a networked cloud of computers (sends, receives and integrates information). |
Created by:
mdonovan8742
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