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Nervous System Notes
Anatomy & Physiology I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does sensory input do? | Detects external and internal stimuli. |
| What does integration do? | Processes and interprets sensory input. |
| What is homeostasis in nervous system function? | Maintains stable internal conditions; acts as the body’s control center. |
| What is mental activity? | Consciousness, memory, and thinking. |
| What is the nervous system’s role in skeletal muscles? | Skeletal muscles require nerve stimulation to contract. |
| What structures are in the CNS? | Brain and spinal cord. |
| What structures are in the PNS? | Cranial and spinal nerves. |
| What direction do afferent (sensory) signals travel? | From PNS → CNS. |
| What direction do efferent (motor) signals travel? | From CNS → muscles/glands. |
| What does the somatic nervous system control? | Voluntary control of skeletal muscles. |
| What does the autonomic nervous system control? | Involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
| What does the parasympathetic nervous system do? | “Rest & Digest”—digestion, bladder emptying, relaxation. |
| What does the sympathetic nervous system do? | “Fight or Flight”—↑ HR, ↑ breathing, ↓ digestion. |
| What is the function of dendrites? | Receive signals. |
| What is the function of the cell body (soma)? | Contains organelles; processes signals. |
| What is the function of the axon? | Sends signals away from the neuron. |
| What are efferent neurons? | Carry motor signals from CNS → PNS. |
| What are afferent neurons? | Carry sensory signals from PNS → CNS. |
| What are interneurons (association neurons)? | Connect neurons within the CNS. |
| What are the three structural neuron types? | Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar. |
| What do astrocytes do? | Form the blood-brain barrier. |
| What do ependymal cells do? | Produce and circulate CSF. |
| What do microglia do? | Act as immune cells; remove debris. |
| What do oligodendrocytes do? | Myelinate CNS axons. |
| What do Schwann cells do? | Myelinate PNS axons (one cell per section). |
| What is myelination? | Repeated wrapping of glial membrane around an axon. |
| What are Nodes of Ranvier? | Gaps between myelinated sections. |
| What is saltatory conduction? | Action potentials “jump” node to node; faster conduction. |
| What is a neuron? | A single nerve cell. |
| What is a nerve? | A bundle of axons in the PNS. |
| What is white matter? | Myelinated axons. |
| What is gray matter? | Cell bodies. |
| What is a ganglion? | Cell bodies in the PNS. |
| What is a nucleus (neuro term)? | Cell bodies in the CNS. |
| What does epineurium surround? | The entire nerve. |
| What does perineurium surround? | Fascicles. |
| What does endoneurium surround? | Individual axons. |
| What is a synapse? | Junction where one neuron communicates with another. |
| What ion change causes excitatory responses? | Na⁺ channels open → hypopolarization. |
| What ion change causes inhibitory responses? | K⁺ channels open → hyperpolarization. |
| What is an EPSP? | Na⁺ enters → hypopolarization → increases chance of AP. |
| What is an IPSP? | K⁺ leaves → hyperpolarization → decreases chance of AP. |
| What is temporal summation? | Rapid signals at the same synapse. |
| What is spatial summation? | Multiple synapses firing at once. |
| What are the 5 major components of a reflex arc? | Receptor → sensory neuron → interneuron → motor neuron → effector. |
| What is convergence? | Many inputs → one neuron. |
| What is divergence? | One input → many neurons. |
| What do eyebrows do? | Block sweat. |
| What do eyelids do? | Protect and spread tears. |
| What does the lacrimal gland do? | Produces tears. |
| What do the puncta do? | Drain tears into the nose. |
| What does the medial rectus do? | Moves eye toward the nose. |
| What does the superior oblique do? | Rotates eye inward. |
| What are the three layers (tunics) of the eye? | Fibrous (sclera), vascular, nervous (retina). |
| What does the iris do? | Controls pupil size. |
| What muscles constrict the pupil? | Circular muscles (parasympathetic). |
| What muscles dilate the pupil? | Radial muscles (sympathetic). |
| What structure gives the sharpest vision? (internal eye) | Fovea centralis. |
| What is the blind spot? | Optic disc. |
| What fluid is in the posterior compartment? | Vitreous humor (not replaced). |
| What fluid is in the anterior compartment? | Aqueous humor (replaced continuously). |
| What condition results from blocked aqueous drainage? | Glaucoma. |
| What happens in the dark? (Rods & Cones) | Rods/cones depolarize → release glutamate → inhibits bipolar cells → no vision signal. |
| What happens in the light? (Rods & Cones) | Hyperpolarize → stop glutamate → bipolar cells fire → vision. |
| What is the tympanic membrane? | The eardrum. |
| What are the three ossicles? | Malleus, incus, stapes. |
| What does the Eustachian tube do? | Equalizes pressure. |
| What detects static balance? | Vestibule. |
| What detects dynamic balance? | Semicircular canals. |
| What structure contains hair cells for hearing? | Organ of Corti. |
| What are otoliths? | Tiny stones that detect gravity/head tilt. |
| What does the medulla control? | HR and breathing reflexes. |
| What does the cerebellum do? | Coordinates movement and balance. |
| Damage to the reticular formation causes what? | Coma. |
| What are the superior colliculi responsible for? | Visual reflexes. |
| What are the inferior colliculi responsible for? | Auditory reflexes. |
| What lobe handles vision? | Occipital lobe. |
| What is the precentral gyrus? | Primary motor cortex. |
| What is the postcentral gyrus? | Primary sensory cortex. |
Created by:
mdonovan8742
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