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BIO II: Exam 4
Slides
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Diffusion | - NONPOLAR ONLY - Through cell membrane from HIGH to LOW concentrations - No ATP |
| Facilitated Diffusion | - Polar molecules - Through Channels, Carriers, or Transporter Proteins - From HIGH to LOW concentrations - Passive Transport - NO energy required - Unique to a single molecule |
| Active Transport | - Polar molecules - Through "Pumps" - Requires ATP - Can move AGAINST concentration gradient |
| Transport Proteins | They're SPECIFIC and only allow specific molecules to pass through the cell membrane |
| True or False: Water can move freely through the cell membrane despite being polar | TRUE, Aquaporins are a special transmembrane protein that transport water, allowing osmosis to take place |
| How do non-polar molecules move through blood? | Blood carrier proteins move non-polar molecules through water-based blood |
| What are the two ways our bodies pass signals? | 1. Nervous system * 2. Endocrine System * |
| Endocrine System | • Rapid transmission of chemical signals that can be prolonged and communicate to many areas (targets) at once • Signals sent through blood stream • A network of glands that secrete HORMONES into the blood |
| Hormones | chemical messengers that travel throughout the body in the blood |
| Hormone Function | - Need to bind to receptors on target cells to cause a response - Receptors are hormone-specific proteins (structure --> function) - Not all cells have receptors for every hormone |
| What are the two different types of receptors, and what's different about them? | 1. Extracellular Receptor: Binding site on the outside of the cell membrane (transmembrane proteins) 2. Intracellular Receptor: Binding site is inside the cell in the cytosol or in the nucleus |
| Signal Transduction (extracellular hormone receptors) | A signal is sent into the cell, producing a response, without the molecule (hormone) ever physically entering the cell |
| Intracellular Hormone Receptors | - Form a Hormone Receptor Complex (HRC) - HRC binds to DNA (acts like a promoter) - Turns on or off the expression (transcription) of genes |
| Tangent | How hormones regulate genes |
| Transport vs Transduction | Transport: Movement of a MOLECULE across a membrane Transduction: Passing of a MESSAGE across a membrane |
| Glucoregulation | Glucose transport and signal transduction |
| What happens if there's too little blood glucose? | Reduced muscular or cognitive function |
| What happens if theres too much blood glucose? | Can lead to Type II diabetes |
| What are receptors, control centers, and effectors? | Receptors: Receives information Control Centers: Where information is processed and orders sent out Effectors: Organ that actually changes the variable (EX: Home temp. -> Receptor: Thermometer, Control Center: Thermostat, Effector: AC/furnace) |
| What happens if someone is hyperglycemic? | Insulin travels to liver - Blood glucose is turned into glycogen (polysaccharide- glucose storage molecule) |
| What happens if someone is hypoglycemic? | Glucagon travels to liver - Glycogen turns into blood glucose |
| Glucagon, Glycogen, Glucose, GLUT-4 | Glucagon - hormone, releases glucose Glycogen - polysaccharide (glucose storage molecule) Glucose - monomer GLUT-4 - glucose transporter (transmembrane protein) |
| Hypoglycemia vs Hyperglycemia | HYPOglycemia: LOW blood sugar, glycogen --> glucose, GOAL is to INCREASE blood sugar HYPERglycemia: HIGH blood sugar, glucose --> glycogen, GOAL is to DECREASE blood sugar |
| Type I vs Type II diabetes | Type I: Inability to PRODUCE insulin Type II: Inability to RESPOND to insulin |
| How can our bodies increase or decrease hormone responses? | 1) Change the amount of hormone / # blood transport proteins 2) Change the # of receptors 3) Block (inhibit) / promote (activate) the binding of hormones to receptors 4) Produce counteracting / amplifying hormones |
| Stimulants vs Suppressants | Stimulants: (+) INCREASE production in target Suppressants: (-) DEACREASE production in target |
| What happens when you add or reduce suppressants? | Adding --> REDUCES hormone production Reducing --> INCREASES hormone production |
| Why are negative feedback loops important? | - They maintain homeostasis - They prevent overproduction |
| Up-regulation vs Down-regulation | Up-regulation: INCREASED # of receptors --> "AMPLIFIES" hormone effect Down-regulation: DECREASED # of receptors --> "DAMPENS" hormone effect |
| Sizes of the different hormones | Amine - Small Peptide/protein - Large Steroid - Medium |
| What are the differences in the fate of glucose once it enters liver cells or muscle cells? | Liver cells can release glucose back into the bloodstream to maintain blood sugar levels Muscle cells use glucose for their own energy needs and cannot release it directly |
| What are the two types of inhibitors? | 1. Competitive inhibitor 2. NON-competitive (allosteric) inhibitor |
| What are the four different hormone interactions? | 1. Additive Effect 2. Synergistic Effect 3. Permissive Effect 4. Antagonistic Effect |
| Additive Effect | 2 hormones do the SAME thing |
| Synergistic Effect | 2 hormones that do the same thing AMPLIFY the effect |
| Permissive Effect | The FULL effect of one hormone only happens in presence of the second, hormones do NOT do the same thing |
| Antagonistic Effect | One hormone opposes the action of another hormone |
| Is the matrix closed in mitochondria? | YES, the matrix is CLOSED (IMPORTANT) |
| KNOW and be able to IDENTIFY different parts of a mitochondrion | - Cristae (folds) - Mitochondrial matrix - Inner membrane - Outer membrane - Inter-membrane Space |
| What is the goal of metabolism? | The breaking down of complex molecules to create the energy needed to sustain life (ATP) |
| What does respiration do? | Converts glucose (chemical energy) to ATP (chemical energy) |
| What are the four parts of cellular respiration? | 1. Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate processing 3. Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's cycle) 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation |
| 1. Glycolysis | Breaks down SUGAR (glucose) - Occurs in CYTOSOL (liquid part of cytoplasm) - 1 glucose (6C) --> 2 molecules of pyruvate (3C molecule) - 2 (net) ATP from ADP is made and NAD+ is covered to NADH 1 glucose, 2 ADP, 2 NAD+ --> 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH |
| Is step 1 of glycolysis showing an oxidation or reduction of glucose? | Reduction |
| What is the evidence in knowing glycolysis is a reduction reaction? | ATP is being oxidized, glucose GAINS a phosphate from ATP |
| 2. Pyruvate Processing | Pyruvate (cytoplasm) --> to Matrix --> Pyruvate Processing --> Acetyl-CoA |
| What is the purpose of the citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle)? | To oxidize acetyl-CoA and make electron carriers, to fully oxidize carbon and make NADH and FADH2 |
| What is the ATP production in each step of respiration? | 1. Glycolysis - 2 ATP 2. Pyruvate Processing - 0 ATP 3. Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's) - 2 ATP 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation - 34 ATP (25-30) |
| What are the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation in respiration? | 1. The ETC 2. ATP Synthase |
| What happens in an ETC? | - High energy electrons enter - Protein subunits pass electrons from one to the next - As they lose energy, they pump H+ into the inter membrane space |
| What is the direct role of acetyl-CoA in cellular respiration? | It is oxidized to provide energy to make NADH and FADH2 |
Created by:
emily.zegarra
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