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Ap bio ch 13

QuestionAnswer
Fertilization Combination of two gametes’ nuclei
Germ cells Where gametes are reproduced (f=ovaries, m=testes)
In 2n=46 n= the haploid #
Life cycle of animal cells Cells within a multicellular diploid organism undergo meiosis creating haploid cells that will undergo fertilization creating a diploid zygote that will divide mitotically creating a multicellular diploid organism.
Life cycle of plants Diploid sporophyte releases spores (haploid) which divide mitotically becoming gametophytes and releasing gametes. When these fuse with another they create a diploid sporophyte
Life cycle of algae Are diploid for short period of time, and when gamers fertilize and become a zygote the unicellular organism undergoes meiosis immediately. This creates haploid cells that use mitosis to become multicellular, then produce cells that become gametes
how many cell divisions are there in meiosis? 2
order of meiotic stages prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I and cytokinesis, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II and cytokinesis
prophase I Chromosomes condense. Homologous pairs form tetrads and cross over.
metaphase I Homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate.
anaphase I Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles.
telophase I and cytokinesis Two haploid cells form. Chromosomes are still duplicated.
prophase II Chromosomes re-condense.
metaphase II Chromosomes line up single file at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase II Sister chromatids are pulled apart.
Telophase II and cytokinesis Nuclei form, resulting in four unique haploid daughter cells.
when does crossing over occur prophase I
what 3 mechanisms help genetic variety rise from sexual reproduction? independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over, and random fertilization.
how does independent assortment help genetic diversity chromosomes during metaphase I align at the equator with their homolog and their sister chromatid randomly, meaning they can be closer or farther to any given pole. This makes a certain daughter cell getting the maternal or paternal DNA much more random.
independent assortment the first meiotic division results in each pair sorting its maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of every other pair
how does crossing over help genetic diversity? By prohibiting gametes to have chromosomes identical to one parent by creating recombinant chromosomes( chromosomes with genes from both parents)
In humans, each male and female gamete represents one of about 8.4 million (2^23) possible chromosome combinations
The fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete during fertilization will produce a zygote with any of about 70 trillion (2^23*2^23)
sexual reproduction is best in dynamic environments, it offers different genetic combinations that can be better suited to new conditions
asexual reproduction is best in stable environments, it offers guaranteed success.
how is the bdelloid rotifer an exception that only sexual reproduction generates genetic diversity when there environment dries for a long period of time they go into a dormant states, in said state their DNA fragments, allowing foreign DNA in. this results in new genes while the rotifer still reproduces asexually.
Chromosomes are counted by Number of centromeres. So after dna replication, even though there are 92 chromatids there are 46 chromosomes
Synaptonemal complex Zipper-like complex that connect homologs
# of possible gametes 2^n
Tetrad The form created when homologs come together
Created by: P30NN
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