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Campbell Chapter 13

Campbell's Biology Chapter 13 12th edition

TermDefinition
Heredity Transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
Genetics Study of heredity and variation.
Gene Unit of hereditary information made of DNA that codes for a trait.
Locus Specific location of a gene on a chromosome.
Genome The complete set of genetic material in an organism.
Somatic Cell Any body cell except gametes; diploid (2n).
Gamete Sex cell (sperm or egg); haploid (n).
Fertilization Fusion of egg and sperm to form a diploid zygote.
Zygote Fertilized egg; first diploid cell of new organism.
Asexual Reproduction Single parent produces genetically identical offspring; uses mitosis.
Clone Group of genetically identical individuals from one parent.
Sexual Reproduction Two parents contribute genes to produce genetically unique offspring.
Homologous Chromosomes Chromosome pairs (one from each parent) with the same genes at the same loci.
Diploid (2n) Cells containing two sets of chromosomes (one maternal, one paternal).
Haploid (n) Cells containing a single set of chromosomes.
Karyotype Ordered display of chromosomes based on size, banding pattern, and centromere position.
Autosomes Chromosomes that do not determine sex (pairs 1–22 in humans).
Sex Chromosomes Chromosomes determining biological sex (X and Y).
Meiosis Cell division that reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid and produces gametes.
Meiosis I First division of meiosis; separates homologous chromosomes.
Meiosis II Second division of meiosis; separates sister chromatids.
Sister Chromatids Identical copies of a chromosome held together at the centromere.
Synapsis Pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
Crossing Over Exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase I.
Chiasma (Chiasmata) Visible site where crossing over occurred between homologous chromosomes.
Independent Assortment Random orientation of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I.
Random Fertilization Any sperm can fertilize any egg, increasing genetic variation.
Recombinant Chromosomes Chromosomes that contain DNA from both parents due to crossing over.
Prophase I Homologs pair, synapsis occurs, and crossing over happens.
Metaphase I Homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes separate; sister chromatids stay together.
Telophase I Two haploid cells form, each with duplicated chromosomes.
Prophase II Spindle forms in each of the two haploid cells.
Metaphase II Chromosomes line up individually at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase II Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
Telophase II Four genetically distinct haploid cells are formed.
Independent Assortment Result 2^n possible chromosome combinations in gametes.
Human Gamete Variation Count About 8.4 million possible gametes (2^23).
Total Zygote Combinations About 70 trillion combinations from fertilization.
Mutation Original source of new genetic variations and alleles.
Evolutionary Importance of Variation Allows populations to adapt and survive changing environments.
Created by: trumoo312
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