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Campbell Chapter 12

Campbell's Biology Chapter 12 12th edition

TermDefinition
Cell Cycle The series of events in a cell’s life from formation to division into two daughter cells.
Interphase Longest phase of the cell cycle; cell grows, performs normal functions, and duplicates DNA.
G1 Phase Cell grows and performs normal metabolic functions.
S Phase DNA is replicated (synthesized), forming two sister chromatids per chromosome.
G2 Phase Cell continues growing and prepares for mitosis.
M Phase (Mitotic Phase) Includes mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division).
Mitosis Division of the nucleus, resulting in two genetically identical daughter nuclei.
Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm, forming two separate daughter cells.
Chromatin Uncondensed DNA and proteins present when the cell is not dividing.
Sister Chromatids Two identical copies of a chromosome attached at the centromere.
Centromere Region where sister chromatids are attached; point of spindle attachment.
Prophase Chromosomes condense, spindle begins to form, nucleolus disappears.
Prometaphase Nuclear envelope breaks down; spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.
Metaphase Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
Metaphase Plate Imaginary plane where chromosomes line up during metaphase.
Anaphase Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
Telophase Nuclear membranes reform and chromosomes uncoil.
Cleavage Furrow The pinching in of the cell membrane during cytokinesis in animal cells.
Cell Plate Structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells and becomes the new cell wall.
Mitotic Spindle Structure made of microtubules that moves chromosomes during mitosis.
Centrosome Region that organizes the spindle; contains centrioles in animal cells.
Kinetochore Protein structure on chromatids where spindle fibers attach.
Binary Fission Asexual reproduction in bacteria where the cell divides without mitosis.
G0 Phase Resting/non-dividing state entered if cell does not pass the G1 checkpoint.
Checkpoint Control point where the cell cycle is regulated by internal and external signals.
G1 Checkpoint Determines whether the cell proceeds to S phase or enters G0.
G2 Checkpoint Ensures DNA was replicated correctly before mitosis begins.
Cyclin Protein that accumulates and degrades cyclically to regulate the timing of the cell cycle.
Cdk (Cyclin-dependent kinase) Enzyme activated by cyclin to regulate cell cycle processes.
MPF (Maturation Promoting Factor) Cyclin + Cdk complex that triggers mitosis.
Density-Dependent Inhibition Cells stop dividing when they become crowded.
Anchorage Dependence Cells must be attached to a substrate in order to divide.
Cancer Cells Cells that divide uncontrollably and ignore normal cell cycle controls.
Malignant Tumor Tumor that invades nearby tissue and can spread (metastasize).
Benign Tumor Tumor that does not spread to other tissues.
Parent vs Daughter Cells Parent cell divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells.
Diploid (2n) Cells with two sets of chromosomes (body cells).
Haploid (n) Cells with one set of chromosomes (gametes).
Chromatin Loose DNA and protein found in the nucleus during interphase.
Centromere The point where sister chromatids are held together.
Sister Chromatids Two identical copies of a chromosome attached at the centromere.
Cohesions Proteins that hold sister chromatids together.
Centrosome Organelle that organizes the mitotic spindle; contains centrioles.
Tumor Suppressors Genes that prevent uncontrolled cell division; when mutated, cancer can form.
Metastasis The process of cancer cells spreading to new areas of the body.
Created by: trumoo312
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