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Physiology Exam I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Physiology | study of, or processes involved in, body functions |
| Physiology is the most _______ of all disciplines. | integrative |
| horizontal integration | across disciplines <----> |
| vertical integration | across levels of organization |
| regulation | maintaining or changing of physiological function |
| mechanism | steps undertaken in a physiological process |
| adaptation | a trait that enhances fitness as a result of natural selection |
| design | integration of structure and function to achieve and evolved & optimal level of performance |
| performance | functional ability of a physiological system; outcome of design |
| Basic homeostatic pathway | external/internal condition --> internal change --> change is sensed --> response is made --> change is corrected --> response ends |
| Paracrince | induces a response in adjoining cell |
| autocrine | induces response in same cell |
| What is most common, negative or positive feedback? | negative feedback |
| Give an example of negative and positive feedback | Negative: regulation of blood pressure Positive: Stimulation of pitocin |
| Are homeotatic systems maintains at specific points or ranges? | ranges |
| Four biomolecules | Carbohydrates, Lipids, protiens & nucleotides |
| Which biomolecule is most abundant? | carbohydrates |
| Maltose | glucose + glucose |
| sucrose | glucose + fructose |
| Which form of carbohydrate is stored in plants for energy | starch |
| Which form of carbohydrate is stored in animals for energy | glycogen |
| How does cellulose differ from starch & glycogen? | it is extremely rigid and its chains are interlinked making it difficult to catabolize |
| 90% of lipids are in what specific arrangement? | triglyceride |
| What chemically & physically defines a saturated fat? | form a more dense matrix; made up entirely of C-C single bonds saturated by H; known as a "fat" & is solid at RT |
| What chemically & physically defines an unsaturated fat? | double bond C=C cause kinks and bends allowing more room for flow in the matrix; known as an "oil" & is liquid at RT |
| Amino Acids | building blocks of proteins, 20 common |
| essential amino acid | amino acid not produced naturally in the body but is essential for life; must be derived from diet; there are 10 eAA |
| nucleotide | nitrogenous base (pyrimidines or purines) + sugar; building blocks for DNA, RNA & ATP |
| membranous organelles of a cell | mitochondria, ER, golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes |
| nonmembranous organelles of a cell | ribosomes, centrosomes, cilia & flagella, microtubules & microfilaments |
| Density of mitochondria of a cell reflects its ________ __________. | energetic capacity |
| Where can the highest concentration of mitochondria/cell be found? | in smooth muscle of the intestine |
| initial site of protein & lipid synthesis | endoplasmic reticulum |
| packages proteins manufactured by the ER | golgi |
| what path does a protein take moving from the ER through the golgi? | 1. synthesized in ER 2. moves to golgi via transport vessicle 3. moves through the golgi, facilitated by transfer vessicles 4. exits golgi via secretory, storage or membrane vessicles |
| lysosomes | break down damaged organelles, bacteria & food |
| What structures help form the cytoskeleton & what role do they play? | 1. tubulin forms microtubules: motility 2. actin forms microfilaments: contraction 3. protein subunits for intermediate filiaments: anchorage |
| Nucleous | contains DNA, double membrane & nucleolous |
| Energy extrapolated from food is equal to ________________________________________ . | energy expended and saved |
| study of energy flux | energetics |
| forms of energy | heat, electrical & mechanical |
| how is energy transformed? | potential to kinetic, but not with 100% efficiency |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | energy is neither created nor destroyed |
| What is the primary form of energy for energetics? | chemical bond energy |
| how is bond energy captured? | potential energy within a bond is transformed to kinetic and released when the bond is broken, giving off heat |
| enzymes | proteins the serve to increase the rate of reaction |
| hydrylase | enzyme in which H2O is used to aid in catalyzing the reaction |
| which metabolic pathways ONLY occur in the presence of O2? | TCA & ETC |
| Which metabolic pathway can occur either aerobically or anaerobically? | Glycolysis |
| Net outcome of Glycolysis | 2 pyruvate + 2H2O 2 ATP* 2 NADH + 2H+ *4 ATP generated, but 2 required to start cycle |
| net outcome of TCA | 2 ATP 8 NADH 2 FADH2 |
| In ETC, which complexes allow only the movement of electrons? | Complex II, CoQ, & CytC |
| Proton motive force | concentration gradient of [H+] across a membrane that allows the movement of [H+] back into the matrix by diffusing from high to low concentration |
| ATPase | rotor & rod complex that changes configuration as H+ moves through it, allowing ADP & phosphate to combine to form ATP |
| How many ATP molecules correlate to NADH & FADH2? | NADH = 3 ATP FADH2 = 2 ATP |
| What is the maximum (or optimal) number of ATP produced in oxidative phosphorylation & what cycle is responsible for them? | Total = 38 Glycolysis = 2ATP TCA = 2 ATP ETC = 34 ATP (8 NADH from TCA x3, 2 NADH from glycolysis x3 & 2 FADH2 from TCA x2) |
| where do AA enter into glyc/Krebs/ETC? | anywhere |
| how are fatty acids oxidized? | broken into 2C chains & enter Krebs; glycerols enter glycolysis |
| what is the net production of ATP for an anaerobe? | 2 ATP from glycolysis |
| cell membrane | 1. physical barrier 2. controls entry of ions, elimination of waste & release of secretory products 3. communication 4. support |
| Molecules found in or on bilayer | cholesterol, peripheral & integral proteins, glycolipids, glycoproteins, carbohydrates |
| channel protein | movement through protein, with concentration gradient |
| transport protein | undergoes change in conformation, moves against concentration gradient |
| receptor protein | binds with ligand, changes function of the cell |
| enzyme | catalyzes reactions |
| MHC complex | important in self regognition |
| linker protein | maintains cellular integrity |
| passive transport | includes diffusion & facilitated diffusion; no energy is required; movement is from high concentration to low |
| active transport | required ATP; moves from low concentration to high (against concentration gradient) |
| voltage gated channel | responds to change in electron gradient across the membrane |
| ligand gated channel | responds to some chemical contact |
| mechanical gated channel | responds to some mechanical force or signal (i.e. stretching) |
| mediated transport | involves the aid of membrane protein that experiences a configuration change |
| three properties of mediated transport | 1. Specificity: transporters are specific 2. competition: preferred molecule will out-compete others 3. saturation: there is a maximum transport rate regardless of concentration |
| symport | molecules carried in the same direction in AT |
| antiport | molecules carried in opposite direction in AT |
| Primary AT | requires ATP; ATP --> ADP results in some change in configuration EX: Na+/K+ pump |
| Secondary AT | no direct use of ATP; binding of one molecule induces a change & allows another molecule to be a transporter *ALL cotransporter systems |
| Membrane potential | at the membrane, cells are kept at a constant state of chemical and electrical disequalibrium |
| Resting membrane potential | steady state of potential energy established across a membrane due to the difference in chemical or electrical charge *outside (++) inside (--) |
| hyperpolarization | stimulus opens K+ channels; K+ moves out & cell membrane becomes more neg inside |
| depolarization | stimulus opens Na+ channels; Na+ moves in & inside becomes more (+) |
| graded potential | 1. region on the dendrites are stimulated & ion channels open 2. Na+ enters cell 3. wave of depolarization spreads across the cell body (rock in pond) 4. If wave reaches trigger zone (base of axon) and threshold (-50mv) is achieved, an AP is triggered |
| Action Potential | caused by the movement of Na+ & K+ through opened channels -do not vary -do not lose strength -all or none |
| Steps of AP | 1. resting state: Na/K channels closed 2. threshold: Na opened 3. depolarization: overshoot 4. repolarization: Na closes & K opens 5. resting membrane potential |
| membrane refractory period | time that a mambrane having experienced an AP cannot experience another one; establishes onw-way directionality |
| what influences speed of conduction | 1. diameter of axon (big = fast) 2. resistance to leak |
| What is the purpose of myelin? | besides acting as an insulator: 1. speed 2. uses less energy |
| Saltatory conduction | the "jumping" action of ions from node to node |
| Multiple sclerosis | loss of myelin |
| neurotoxins | block Na/K channels, limiting neural signaling |
| anesthetics | block Na channels, sensation of pain is not transmitted |
| synapse | junction of a neuron with another neuron |
| 3 components of synapse | 1. presynaptic cell 2. synaptic cleft 3. post-synaptic cell |
| gap junctions | allow the passages of electrical impulses from the cytoplams of one cell directly to the cytoplasm of another -in nervous system & cardiac muscle |
| excitatory synapse | trigger the opening of Na & closing of K |
| inhibitory synapse | triggers opening of K & Cl, |
Created by:
crystalannskinner
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