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Meiosis

ch 13 bio 201

QuestionAnswer
• Life cycle types oAlteration of generations and
o Alteration of generations is subsets plant life cycle that has diploid and haploid stages that are multicellular  Sporophyte- diploid stage  Spores- haploid stage  Gametophyte- multicellular haploid • Germ/sex cell • Fusion/fertilization results in a zygote
• Gametes in humans are 1 set and 23 chromosomes sex cells o Produced from germ cells in the gonads
Types of cells and their # of chromosomes o Diploid-2 sets of chromosomes  Have 22 homologs hare are autosomes in humans o Haploid-one set of chromosomes  Half the number of chromosomes
o Sex chromosomes proper lettering  XY-male  XX-female
o Homologous chromosomes two chromosomes with same length, centromere position and staining pattern
 Staining pattern banding patters that allow the detection of structural abnormalities
o Karyotypes image that displays arrangement of chromosome pairs by size and shape
 1 double helix is a chromatid
o Loci, singular term gene location marker on a chromosome known as a locus
• Somatic cells diploid cells with 46 chromosomes
• Gametes reproductive cells that transmit genes from generation to generation
• Gregor Mendel explained reason for genetic variation amongst offspring
o Homologs genes that share common ancestor
• Genes coded genetic information units o Exist at a specific locus of a chromosome o Expressed based on how RNA translates and DNA to send out a response(mRNAs) who tell the cell to make specific enzymes/proteins to produce an inherited trait
o Alleles different mutations of a gene  Cause genetic variation
o Variation in genes is due to the coding units are different coding sequences caused by DNA’s nucleotide sequence,  Assortment of chromosomes during meiosis one cause variation,  Random fertilization  Crossing over causes variation  Adenine, Thymine/Uracil and Guanine and Cytosine
 Bdelloid rotifers do what genetically generate genetic diversity alternatively from sexual reproduction • When in their dry cracked ass states DNA from other rotifer species and distant relatives enter and integrate with their own • Pick up foreign DNA much faster than other species
o Meiosis II +7 characteristics sister chromatic divisions separate, equational division  Haploid to haploid  Sisters separate  No cross over  Maintains chromosome count  4 haploid cells(gametes)  Short and simple prophase  Close to mitosis
o Meiosis I and it's phases reproduction division, chromosomes cut in half prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I
Prophase I each pair of homologous chromosomes undergoes synapsis and crosses over between non sister chromatids while chiasmata appear
prophase synapsis pairing of homologous chromosomes to create tetrads (pair of homo chromes) o Allows for cross over because all pairs are already together, and no pairs will be remade
prophase crossing over non-sister chromatids exchange DNA allowing new combinations of alleles to form called recombinant chromosomes
o Recombinant chromosomes + 2 characteristics chromosome product of crossing over  Chromosomes that carry genes from two parents  Happens 1-3 times per chromosome pair
 Recombinant chromatin the recombinant chromatin that makes up chromosomes
• Chiasmata visible points were homo chromes exchange genetic info for genetic recombination o Look x shaped o Last till anaphase o Form during the pachytene stage of prophase
 Metaphase I chromosomes line up as homologous pairs on metaphase plate • Metaphase plate-imaginary center where chromosomes align for setting up for perfect division Independent Assortment occurs
 Anaphase I, what and how many cells Homologs separate from each other and sister chromatids remain joined at the centromere • 2 Haploid cells
• Independent assortment, what phase metaphase assortment of homologous chromosomal pairs are independent from one another and random o Mendel’s second law of inheritance
• Genetics, define its components study of genetic inheritance and variation o Hereditary- inheritance of traits o Variation-differences in members of the same species
• Sexual reproduction combination of genes from two parents to create genetically diverse offspring
Created by: jbrow52
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