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Campbell Chapter 10

Campbell's Biology Chapter 10 12th edition

QuestionAnswer
Photosynthesis Process that converts light energy → chemical energy stored in sugars; occurs in chloroplasts.
Autotroph “Self-feeder”; makes its own organic molecules using CO₂ and inorganic materials.
Photoautotroph Autotroph that uses sunlight for energy to make food (plants, algae, some bacteria).
Heterotroph Organism that cannot make its own food; depends on autotrophs for organic molecules.
Chloroplast Organelle where photosynthesis occurs; contains thylakoids, grana, and stroma.
Mesophyll Leaf tissue where the majority of chloroplasts are located.
Stomata Leaf pores controlling CO₂ intake and O₂ release; can open/close based on environment.
Stroma Fluid-filled space in chloroplast where Calvin Cycle occurs.
Thylakoids Membrane sacs containing chlorophyll; site of light reactions.
Granum (Grana) Stack of thylakoids.
Chlorophyll a Main pigment directly involved in light reactions; absorbs violet-blue/red wavelengths.
Chlorophyll b Accessory pigment that broadens absorption spectrum.
Carotenoids Pigments that broaden spectrum and protect chlorophyll from too much light (photoprotection).
Electromagnetic Spectrum Range of light wavelengths; visible light is used in photosynthesis (380–740 nm).
Photon Packet/particle of light energy.
Absorption Spectrum Graph of the light wavelengths a pigment absorbs.
Action Spectrum Graph showing which wavelengths are most effective for photosynthesis.
Photosystem Protein complex that contains chlorophyll and absorbs light. Two Types: PSII and PSI.
Photosystem I (PSI) First photosystem; absorbs P680; splits water and releases O₂.
Photosystem II (PSII) Second photosystem; absorbs P700; produces NADPH.
Primary Electron Acceptor Molecule that accepts excited electrons from chlorophyll in a photosystem.
Linear Electron Flow Main path that produces ATP, NADPH, and O₂ using PSII and PSI.
Cyclic Electron Flow Uses PSI only; produces ATP but no NADPH or O₂ (used when the Calvin cycle needs more ATP).
Photolysis Splitting of water in PSII → produces O₂, H⁺, and electrons.
Chemiosmosis Movement of H⁺ across membrane used to generate ATP via ATP synthase.
ATP Synthase Protein channel that makes ATP when H⁺ ions diffuse through it.
NADP⁺ / NADPH NADP⁺ is an electron carrier; becomes NADPH when electrons + H⁺ are added (used in Calvin Cycle).
Light Reactions Occur in thylakoids; convert light energy → ATP + NADPH + O₂. No sugar produced here.
Calvin Cycle Occurs in stroma; uses ATP + NADPH to convert CO₂ → G3P (sugar). Also called “dark reactions.”
Carbon Fixation Phase 1 of Calvin Cycle; Rubisco attaches CO₂ to RuBP.
Reduction Phase (Calvin Cycle) Uses ATP + NADPH to convert intermediate into G3P.
Regeneration Phase (Calvin Cycle) G3P molecules are rearranged to regenerate RuBP so cycle can repeat.
G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate) Main sugar product of the Calvin Cycle; 2 G3P combine → glucose.
Rubisco Enzyme that fixes CO₂; most abundant enzyme on Earth; can also bind O₂ (causes photorespiration).
Photorespiration Wasteful process; Rubisco binds O₂ instead of CO₂ → uses ATP, produces no sugar.
C3 Plants Standard plants; use normal Calvin Cycle; vulnerable to photorespiration in hot/dry climates.
C4 Plants Store carbon in 4-carbon molecules to avoid photorespiration; better in hot, sunny environments (corn, sugarcane).
CAM Plants Open stomata at night to store CO₂; prevent water loss; common in deserts (cacti, succulents).
Mitochondria vs. Chloroplasts Mitochondria make ATP using oxidative phosphorylation; Chloroplasts make ATP using photophosphorylation.
Output of Light Reactions ATP + NADPH + O₂.
Input of Calvin Cycle CO₂ + ATP + NADPH.
Output of Calvin Cycle G3P (sugar).
Chlorophylls Pigments that absorb light (mainly red/blue) and give plants their green color.
Created by: trumoo312
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