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Support and Motion
Unit 2 All concepts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hematopoiesis | blood cell formation in red bone marrow |
| Cartilage | supports and cushions bones |
| Ligament | attaches bone to bone |
| Tendon | attaches muscles to bone |
| Joint (articulation) | the area where 2 or more bones meet |
| Intervertebral discs | fibrocartilage in between vertebrae used for cushion and support |
| Sesamoid bones | a special type of short bone - looks like a sesame sead - embedded in tendons |
| Osteon | basic structural unit. Long cylinders that acts like a tiny weight-bearing pillar in bones. |
| Lamellae | a group of hallow tubes that makes osteons |
| Central Canal (Haversial Canal) | runs through the middle of each osteon and connects small blood vescles |
| Trabeculae | tiny bone struts (beams) that are key for helping the bone to resist stress |
| Lacunae | gaps in between the lamellae |
| Osteocyte | maintains healthy bone structure |
| Osteoblast | build and constructs bones by calcifying bone as it forms |
| Osterclast | critical in regenerating new bones by absorbing old/degenerating bones |
| Ossification | the process of bone tissue formation |
| Intramembranous | a type of ossification - bone develops from a fibrous membrane |
| Endochondral | a type of ossification - bone develops to replace cartilage |
| Fracture | bone break |
| Synarthrosis | non-moving joints |
| Anaphiarthrosis | slightly movable joint |
| Diarthrosis | freely moving joint |
| Gliding Joint | synovial - when 1 flat bone surface glides/slips over another bone |
| Flexion | bending in a way that decreases the angle of the joint so the articulating bone gets closer |
| Extension | straightening in a way that increases the angle of the joint so the articulating bone gets farther |
| Hyperextension | going beyond the anatomical position |
| Pivot | rotation - twisting movement back and forth |
| Supination | twisting/turning forwards |
| Pronation | twisting/turning backwards |
| Abduction | moving limb away from the median plane |
| Adduction | moving limb towards the median plane |
| Opposition | a saddle joint |
| Circumduction | moving the limb in a circle |
| Elevation | raising a limb up |
| Depression | lowering a limb down |
| Protraction | sticking a body part out |
| Retraction | bringing a body part in |
| Dorsiflection | backward bending of hand or foot |
| Plantarflection | forward bending of hand or foot |
| Inversion | turning the foot towards the middle of the body |
| Eversion | turning the foot outwards the middle of the body |
| Insertion | where the muscle is attatched to the movable bone |
| Origin | where the muscle is attracted to the immoveable bone |
| Prime Mover | agonist - muscles most responsible for producing movement |
| Antagonsist | muscles that opposes or do the reverse of a certain movement |
| Synergist | muscles that help the prime mover |
| Fixator | synergists muscles most specialized immobilize the muscle's effectiveness |
| Myofibrils | organelle that makes up most of muscles cells. Makes muscle fibers |
| Myofilaments | filaments running along the length of each myofibrils |
| Sarcomeres | contractile unit of the muscle |
| Muscle Fibers | myofibrils bundled together |
| Fasciles | muscle fibers bundled together to form muscle organs |
| Epimysium | wraps organ's entire outside |
| Perimysium | Surrounds each fascicles |
| Endomysium | surrounds each muscle fiber |
| Resting Membrane Potential | the voltage across the cell membrane about -50mV through -90mV |
| Action Potential (AP) | a large change in membrane potential that spreads rapidly over long distances within a cell |
| Neuromuscular Junction | where the axon terminals of the neuron meets the muscle fiber, including the space between them |
| Motor Unit | a single nerve and all muscle fibers connected to it |
| Twitch | a brief, involuntary contraction then relaxation of a muscle |
| Graded Muscle Contraction | the ability of a muscle to exhibit varying levels of strength to do a task like opening a stuck jar or holding a butterfly |
| Summation | adding more twitched before the original twitch can finish/relax |
| Tetanus | a sustained muscle contraction evoked when the motor nerve that innervates a skeletal muscle emits action potentials at a very high rate |
| Recruitment | process in which different motor units are activated to produce a given level and type of muscle contraction |
| Threshold Stimulus | the minimum strength required for the stimulus to initiate the response of muscle contraction |
| Muscle Tone | the tension in a relaxed muscle |
| Muscle Tension | force exerted on a contracting object |
| Muscle Fatigue | a physiological inability for a muscle to contract even though it receives signals from the brain to do so |
| Lever | a ridged bar that moves on a fixed point |
| Fulcrum | a fixed point that allows the lever to move (joints) |
| Effort | the applied force need to move a resistance |
| Load | the thing that is needed the loading like lifting a hand through the elbow when doing a bicep curl |
| What two things must be obtained for a muscle contraction to happen? How do you obtain it? | ATP and calcium ions. Bind to troponin, a protein on the actin filaments, allowing myosin heads to bind to actin and initiate the power stroke. ATP is obtained through cellular respiration. Calcium ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
| Muscular system functions? | movement, maintain posture, stabilizing joints, generating heat, and maintaining homeostasis. |
| First Class Lever | the effort is applied at one end of the lever and the load is at the other end with the fulcrum in the center. Ex. seesaw |
| Second Class Lever | the effort is applied at one end of the lever and the fulcrum is at the other end with the load in between. Ex. wheelbarrow |
| Third Class Lever | the effort is applied between the load and fulcrum. Ex. shovel or bicep curl |
| Spongy Bone | Less organized than compact bone, no osteons, has trabeculae, where bone marrow is (red is makes blood cells, yellow stores fat), surrounded by compact bone. |
| Compact Bone | Made of osteons, filled with tiny salts and collagen that allows for the bone to resist tension and stress, has haversian canal, protects spongy bone inside. |
| Bone is a living organ | Bones are living tissue which have their own blood vessels and are made of various cells, proteins, minerals and vitamins. This structure enables them to grow, transform and repair themselves throughout life. |
| Different functions of the skeletal system | The skeletal system works as a support structure for your body. It gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores minerals. |
| Axial Skeleton | consists of the central axis (trunk). |
| Appendicular Skeleton | consists of the limbs and girdles |
| Skeletal System Functions | support, motion, protection, storage, blood cell formation, hormone production. |
| Bones are made of 4 kinds of tissues | connective (osseous), nervous, epithelial, skeletal muscles |
| How many bones to people have? | Adults have 206 bones. Babies have about 270-300 bones. Bones make up about 1/5th of our weight. |
| Long Bone | longer than wide, mostly appendicular limbs, focuses more on movement. |
| Short Bone | more cube like in shape, focuses more on support and stability, sesamoid bone is special type of short bone. |
| Flat Bone | thin and flat, large surface area for attaching to muscles |
| Irregular Bone | the rest of the bones in the body. They all have different and distinct functions. |
| Projections | a bone marking where muscles and ligaments attach. |
| Surfaces | a bone marking from joints |
| Depressions and Openings | a bone marking for blood vessels and nerves to run through |
| Hematoma | forms when hemorrhaged blood clots appear when a bone breaks |
| Isotonic Muscle Contraction | causes a change in muscle length |
| Isometric Muscle Contraction | does NOT cause a change in muscle length |
| Cardiac Muscle | straited muscle of the heart that contracts involuntarily to pump blood through the body |
| Smooth Muscle | non-straited muscle in the visceral organs that contract involuntarily to propel objects down internal passageways |
| Skeletal Muscle | straited muscles that attaches to bone and contracts voluntarily to produce movement |
| Myosin | thick filaments that contain the contractile protein and is a chain of sarcomeres. Each sarcomere is separated by the Z disc/line boarders the end. |
| Actin | thin filaments that contain the contractile protein |
| How muscle contraction happens | contractions happen if they are activated/stimulated by the nervous system. Actin potential (AP) is a large change in membrane potential that spreads rapidly over long distances within a cell. |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) | the neurotransmitter motor neurons use in muscle contractions |
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