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microbio exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 🧫 Mycology | |
| Mycology | Study of fungi |
| Vegetative structure | Includes the thallus (body) which has hyphae filaments |
| Mycelium | A mass of hyphae |
| Septate hyphae | Septated, has cross-walls |
| Coenocytic hyphae | No walls/septa |
| Aerial hyphae | Extend up to reproduce |
| Vegetative hyphae | Spread horizontally to obtain nutrients |
| Budding yeasts | Divide unevenly |
| Fission yeasts | Divide evenly |
| Dimorphic fungi | Can be either yeast-like or mold-like based on conditions |
| Spores | How fungi reproduce, both asexually and sexually |
| **Asexual spores** | |
| Conidiospore | Not enclosed in a sac |
| Arthroconidia | Fragment of a septate hypha |
| Blastoconidia | Buds of the parent cell |
| Chlamydoconidium | Spore within a hyphal segment |
| Sporangiospore | Enclosed in a sac |
| **Sexual spores** | |
| Plasmogamy | Haploid donor cell nucleus penetrates recipient cell cytoplasm |
| Karyogamy | + and – nuclei fuse and form diploid zygote |
| Meiosis | Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei |
| Nutritional adaptations | Grow better at pH 5, high sugar and salt concentration, low moisture, can metabolize complex carbs |
| **Medically important fungi** | |
| Zygomycota | Weak pathogen that affects fruit |
| Microsporidia | Inhalation causes diarrhea and wasting |
| Ascomycota | Causes skin infection, spores held in ascus sac |
| Basidiomycota | Causes respiratory reactions, spores held in basidium |
| **Fungal diseases** | |
| Mycosis | Fungal infection |
| Systemic mycoses | Deep within body |
| Subcutaneous mycoses | Beneath the skin |
| Cutaneous mycoses | Affect hair, skin, nails |
| Superficial mycoses | Localized on skin and hair shafts |
| Opportunistic mycoses | Harmless in normal habitat, pathogenic in host |
| **Economic fungi effects** | |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Used for bread, wine, and hepatitis B vaccine production |
| Trichoderma | Breaks down cellulose |
| Taxomyces | Produces taxol, used to treat different cancers |
| Entomophaga | Biocontrol fungus that kills bacteria and insects |
| Coniothyrium minitans | Kills fungi on crops |
| Paecilomyces | Kills termites |
| **Lichen types** | |
| Crustose | Encrusted on the substratum |
| Foliose | Leaf-like |
| Fruticose | Finger-like |
| **Body of lichens made of** | |
| Medulla | Hyphae grown around algal cells |
| Rhizines | Hyphal projections below the body |
| Cortex | Outer protective layer |
| Economic importance of lichens | Dyes, antimicrobials, litmus, food |
| ### 🌿 Algae | |
| Algae | Unicellular (eukaryotic), aquatic, lack root, stem, and leaves; thallus has holdfasts, stipes, and blades; location depends on wavelength of light |
| Brown algae (kelp) | Multicellular, macroscopic, food thickener (algin) |
| Red algae | Some produce a lethal toxin; source of agar |
| Green algae | Gave rise to terrestrial plants |
| Diatoms | Cause neurological disease; have silica in cell walls |
| Dinoflagellates | Neurotoxic (saxitoxins) causing paralytic shellfish poisoning |
| **Oomycota (water molds)** | |
| Phytophthora infestans | Causes Irish potato blight |
| Phytophthora cinnamomi | Infects eucalyptus |
| Phytophthora ramorum | Causes sudden oak death |
| Role of algae | COâ‚‚ fixation, produce 80% of Oâ‚‚, provide oil, symbionts, algal blooms |
| ### 🦠Protozoa | |
| Protozoa | Unicellular, becoming more animal-like; reproduce sexually by conjugation; cyst stage in some |
| Trophozoite | Active feeding and moving form |
| Schizogony | Multiple fission in a protozoan |
| Amebae | Phagocytize food, move by extending pseudopods |
| Entamoeba histolytica | Causes amebic dysentery |
| Acanthamoeba | Infects cornea and causes blindness |
| Balamuthia | Causes granulomatous amebic encephalitis |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Transmitted by cats; causes fetal infections |
| Cryptosporidium | Transmitted by feces; causes waterborne illness |
| Plasmodium | Causes malaria |
| Balantidium coli | Only human parasite with cilia |
| Slime molds | Resemble amebae, ingest fungi/bacteria, form stalk and spore caps |
| Cytoplasmic streaming | Mixing of cytoplasm to distribute nutrients |
| ### 🪱 Helminths | |
| Helminths | Parasitic worms |
| Platyhelminths | Flatworms |
| Nematoda | Roundworms |
| Dioecious | Separate male and female reproductive systems |
| Monoecious | Hermaphrodite; both reproductive organs in one organism |
| Helminth adaptations | Reduced digestive and nervous systems, little locomotion, complex reproduction |
| **Trematodes (flukes)** | |
| Paragonimus spp. | Lung fluke |
| Schistosoma | Blood fluke |
| **Cestodes (tapeworms)** | |
| Taenia solium | Pork tapeworm |
| Scolex | Head with suckers and hooks for attachment |
| Proglottids | Body segments with male and female reproductive systems |
| Nematodes (roundworms) | |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | Found in human intestines |
| Baylisascaris procyonis | Raccoon roundworm |
| Trichuris trichiura | Whipworm |
| Enterobius vermicularis | Pinworm |
| Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale | Hookworms |
| Dirofilaria immitis | Heartworm transmitted by mosquitoes |
| Strongyloides | Reemerging infection; threadworm |
| 🪰 Arthropods / Vectors | |
| Arthropods | Animals with jointed legs; vectors of disease |
| Arachnida | 8 legs |
| Crustacea | 4 antennae |
| Insecta | 6 legs |
| Mechanical transmission | Simple transport of pathogen from one host to another |
| Biological transmission | Pathogen multiplies inside the vector |
Created by:
mahak
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