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Brody Marathon Runne
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis | The process by which an organism maintains a stable internal environment (a state of dynamic equilibrium) despite external changes |
| Metabolism | The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the cells of an organism, including building up and breaking down molecules |
| Cellular Respiration | The process that uses oxygen and glucose to release energy, converting the chemical energy in food into a usable energy molecule called ATP |
| ATP | the main molecule that supplies immediate, usable energy for nearly all cell activities |
| Mitochondria | The cell organelle known as the "powerhouse" of the cell, where the majority of aerobic cellular respiration occurs |
| Enzyme | A type of PROTIEN that acts as a CATALYST to speed up or control the rate of specific chemical reactions; characterized with a specific shape; always ends in -ase (ex lactase) |
| Hormones | a chemical signal (ex insulin) produced by the endocrine system that travels through the bloodstream to influence specific target organs or cells |
| Receptor Molecule | A protein on the cell membrane that receives specific chemical signals (like hormones) allowing the cell to respond to changes |
| Feedback Mechanisms | a process where a change (a stimulus) triggers a response that ultimately reverses the initial changes and returns the system to its set point (eg sweating) |
| Lactic Acid | waste product that builds up in muscles when cells perform a less efficient form of respiration due to a lack of oxygen (anaerobic respiration) |
| Levels of organization from smallest to largest | cell--> tissue --> organ --> organ system --> organism |
| Ribosome | organelle responsible for protein synthesis (making proteins) |
| Primary purpose of cellular respiration | Convert the chemical energy stored in glucose into ATP |
| What will happen if a person has defective receptor molecules on their liver cells? | Their liver cells will fail to respond to specific hormones |
| Which organ system picks up stimuli? | Nervous system |
| Endocrine System | responsible for producing hormones that control growth, development, and metabolism over a long period of time |
| What is a result of a plants stomates closing on a hot sunny day? | A reduction (lowering) in the rate of water loss and gas exchange |
| Glucagon | hormone produces by the pancreas, stimulates the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose when sugar levels are too low. |
| Main chemical function of a carbohydrate | to provide the cell with a quick source of usable energy |
| Amino Acids | building blocks (monomers) that are linked together to form a protein |
| Cellular Respiration | process that is carried out by plants and animal cells to provide them with metabolic energy |
| Lock and Key Model | a specific enzyme will only bond with one or a small group of substrates based on their shape |
| What does a catalyst do in a chemical reaction? | It lowers the activation energy needed to start the reaction |
| How do hormones only affect their target cells? | The target cells possess specific receptor molecules |
| What is the job of insulin? | To lower glucose (sugar) levels in the blood by having cells use it and then store the rest in the liver |
| What does photosynthesis produce? | simple sugars (glucose), oxygen |
| What does cellular respiration produce? | Carbon dioxide, water, ATP |
| Independent Variable | the factor that is intentionally changed or tested in an experiment |
| Dependent Variable | the factor that is being measured because of the presence of the independent variable |
| Experimental Group | the group that receives the independent variable |
| Control Group (Control Setup) | The comparison group that is treated exactly the same as the experimental group but DOES NOT receive the independent variable |
| Constants (controlled variables) | factors that must be kept the same in ALL experimental setups to ensure a valid experiment |
| How do I increase the VALIDIDTY of an experiment? | use large sample sizes and repeat the experiment multiple times |
| Accuracy | how close a measurement is to the true or accepted value |
| Precision | how close repeated measurements are to each other |
Created by:
LFeldmann
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