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Cell communication
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Signal Transduction pathway what are they, what do they do/steps , why do they matter | facilitate cellular responses from external signals/stimuli . recept signal molecule then transduce the signaling molecule, then allow a response from the signaling molecule within the cell. they are the reason for all cellular functions |
| Reception is | signal molecule received by receptor of target cell through binding |
| Transduction is | receptor translates the signals to elicit internal responses |
| Response is | the target cell reacts in response specifically to the signal that’s been transduced |
| • Relay molecules/ protein kinases do | transfer phosphate groups from ATP to a protein phosphorylation) |
| Phosphorylation is what | transfer phosphate groups from ATP to a protein causes shape changes of proteins(changes the proteins function) |
| o Phosphorylation cascade is what? | combined process of kinases carrying phosphate and transfer it to activate another kinase |
| ligand function | signaling molecule that bonds to a receptor |
| • Protein phosphatases function and how | function as regulator due to their ability of dephosphorylation o TURN OFF signal transduction pathways by inhibiting kinase's ability of phosphorylation' removes phosphate group |
| • Second Messengers are and serve what purpose, examples | small molecules that are inside cells that relay signals and amplify them to elicit an eventual bigger response by the cell cyclic AMP Calcuim ion Diacylglycerol /DAG |
| Cyclic AMP is, does what, starts off as amp | cyclic adenosine monophosphate, TRANSMIT SIGNALS from cell surface to intracellular targets starts off as AMP and becomes cAMP through the enzyme adenylyl cyclase |
| Calcium ions, how do they function | most commonly used in animals, trigger a lot of different signals Regulate enzymes and transcription factors by activating/deactivating when binding |
| o Target cell | the cell that is influenced by the signaling molecules/s |
| o Receptor molecules do what, examples | detect/ bind to signal molecules G protein coupled receptors cell surface, Ligand-Gated Ion channel receptors plasma membrane , Kinases linked receptors c ellsurface, Nuclear Receptors intercellular (cytoplasm or nucleus) |
| G protein coupled receptors are two types and their function | human cell-surface receptors for Hormones and peptides o GDP- guanine diphosphate=stop signaling o GTP- guanine triphosphate= activation of signaling |
| Intracellular receptors are where and are what | within cytoplasm or nucleus are hydrophobic |
| o Scaffolding proteins are, do what differences ?, what does that do, | large relay molecules that aid mass relaying of smaller attached molecules, Speed up process of signaling and accuracy differ, Different protein structure results in different relay proteins attaching to the scaffolding protein |
| relay proteins do and differ how | passes signals from one point to another different types generate different responses for the same stimuli |
| how relay works | • One signaling molecules effect a receptor them millions of other relay molecules drop it off to the next relay molecule til, it reaches it’s final destination |
| • Local signaling is , types | signaling from cell to cell through gap junctions or cell-surfac molecules o Direct cell to cell contact o Paracrine signaling o Synaptic signaling |
| o Synaptic signaling is, how, does what | signaling within the nervous system triggered by electrical currents running through a pathway triggering the releasing of specific neurotransmitters depending on the outside stimuli that causes the electrical transmission throughout the nervous system |
| o Paracrine signaling are, do | secretion of signaling molecules from a paracrine cell that travel short distances to a local regulator and bind there |
| o Direct cell to cell contact how, does, vital why | The gap junctions through animal cells exchange signaling molecules without crossing the plasma membrane cross through junvtions vital for embryonic development, immune response, and maintaining stem cell population in adults |
| • Long Distance signaling / endocrine signaling is , how | signaling through hormones specialized cells release hormones which trigger different reactions out of cells throughout the bod signaling pathways is rapid because it is done through the circulatory system |
| o Quorum sensing is | ability of bacteria to sense their own local cell density using signaling molecules |
| how signaling is specific | signaling molecules are unique to specific cells and specific receptors |
| Sutherland system | discovered concept and function of second messengers explained how hormones trigger responses by binding to a receptor on a cell membrane |
| Glycogen phosphorylase, activated how | enzyme that fuels of glycogenolysis, sent out by a receptor which is activated by epinephrine |
| glycogenolysis, what's the product for it, what is some conditions for the process to occur | process of breaking down glycogen into gluose-1-phosphate as usable units the product is for energy production and maintain glucose levels glycogen must be stored intracellularly, and glycogen phosphorylase is also inside the cell |
| Conditions of enzymatic activity | must occur inside a cell |
| What is NGF, what type of signaling molecule is it what does it do, what system si it most vital to | Nerve growth factor is a water-soluble signaling protein molecule, its inter-cellular because it is hydrophilic that is essential to nerve cells and their maintenance, function, and growth . Most vital to peripheral and central nervous system |
| Intra cellular molecules | Intracellular- inside the cell, hydrophilic, focused on metabolism, gene expression, and signal transduction, exms: NGF, second messengers, ATP, enzymes moved via vesicles, channels, and diffusion controlled through |
| Extracellular molecules | Extracellular-outside te cell, lipid soluble focused on communication and cell support and immune response, Exm: hormorones, secreted controlled through external stimuli |
| dimerization is ? frequent in | process of two molecules combine intp a single unit common in enzyme regulation |
| Signal molecule | a molecule that passes on information to a receptor |
| What is the nitty gritty of apoptosis | cell shrinks and membranes are discarded which eventually calls for the cell to kill itself |
| local regulators are | a molecule that influences cells to do something within a vicinity |
| simple diffusion is | movement of a nonpoar molecule down it's concentration graduent through a membrane |
| g protein receptors dont do what | form dimers |
| Ligand Gated ion Channels where, eexamples,and how | Plasma membrane, neurotransmitters ion flow channels receive and respond too signals |
| Kinase link receptors where type and how | plasms membrane growth factors and insulin, cause enzymatic activity, cdks |
| Nuclear Receptors where type and purpose | intracellular in the cytoplasm, and nucleus, steroid hormones, gene transcription |
| What triggers Calcium ions | triggered by Inositol triphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG calcium cause the release of calcium ions |
Created by:
jbrow52
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