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Bio 101 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the equation for Photosynthesis? | CO2 + H2O --> Glucose + O2 |
| What is the equation for Anaerobic Respiration? | Glucose -- > Lactic Acid + Energy |
| What is the equation for Aerobic Respiration? | Glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + 36ATP |
| What is the equation for Alcoholic Fermentation by Yeast? | Glucose (C6H12O6) -- > 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 |
| How do the equations of the respiration by the following organisms differ from the basic Anaerobic Respiration equation? a. Apple Cider bacteria | This differs because this uses the formula for alcoholic fermintation. Its by product is ethenol. |
| How do the equations of the respiration by the following organisms differ from the basic Anaerobic Respiration equation? b. the bacteria that produce yogurt | This differs because this uses the formula for anaerobic respiration. |
| What is diffusion? | Movement of material from an area of greater to lesser concentration. |
| What is osmosis? | Movement of WATER from an area of greater to lesser concentration. |
| What is active transport? | Can move material across a membrane from an area of Lesser to Greater concentration |
| What is endocytosis? | process by which a cell takes in materials from its environment by engulfing them with its cell membrane. |
| What is exocytosis? | process by which a cell releases materials to the outside by fusing a vesicle with the cell membrane. |
| What is Phagocytosis? | Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles, such as food, debris, or even other cells. |
| Which of the 4 are passive? | Osmosis, facilitated diffusion |
| Which of the 4 are active processes | endocytosis |
| Explain how enzymes speed up the rates of chemical reactions. | An enzyme can speed a reaction by reducing activation energy—lowering the barrier that prevents the reaction from proceeding. |
| Describe why ATP is so important for life on Earth. How does a cell typically produce the ATP it needs? | ATP is important for life on earth because |
| What is a mutation? As covered in lecture, what might cause mutations to occur? | a genetic mistake |
| Clostridium bacteria can cause botulism and tetanus. Describe how this disorder develops, and its devastating symptoms. | Botulism is developed by eating improperly canned or sealed food. The symptoms are Muscle Paralysis. |
| What does the drug Botox have to do with this topic? | It temporarily paralysis the muscles in your face, this resembles the symptoms of botulism. |
| What is the role of accessory pigments in plants? | they are helpers. They expand the range of wavelengths they can capture for photosynthesis |
| List the examples of accessory pigments covered in lecture. | Xanthophylls, Carotenes, Phycoerythrins, Phycocyanins. |
| Describe what happens during the light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis. | Light DEPENDENT - water splits, oxygen is released, temporary high energy compounds are made Light INDEPENDENT - Produce glucose |
| As covered in lecture, what 3 processes occur in mitochondria that are part of aerobic respiration? | Acetylco-A // Citric acid cycle // electron transfer |
| How are the fall foliage colors related to the pigments found in leaves? | they cause chlorophyll to degrade faster |
| HYPERtonic | shrivel up, less water. more dissolved substance. |
| How do animal and plant cells respond when put into hypertonic and hypotonic solutions? | in hypertonic they plasmolyze/crenate in hypotonic they become turgid. |
| Photosynthesis and Aerobic Respiration are two very important biochemical processes on Earth, and they are connected to each other. Explain this statement. | Photosynthesis and aerobic respiration are two opposite but complementary processes that keep life going on Earth. They form a cycle of energy and matter between plants, animals, and the environment. |
| If a tree weighing 5 pounds grows to weigh 165 pounds after 5 years of growth, what makes up most of that added weight? | the extra weight is the extra glucose that is produced. |
| DNA. What is it? | one of the 4 macro-molecules of life |
| What are its monomers? | 4 types of nucleotides (G,C,T,A) |
| What is its shape? | double helix |
| What is its role in living things? | encodes directions for everything a cell and whole organism needs to do |
| As covered in the textbook - who are the people that played a role in the discovery of its structure? | Watson, Crick, Wilkins, Franklin |
| What are chromosomes? | Chromosomes are thread-like structures found in the nucleus of cells that carry genetic information |
| Explain how DNA replicates. | unzips and the complimentary connects |
| Explain how animals like bears and freshwater turtles manage to survive during their long periods of hibernation. | Bears slow down their respiration, body temperature and heart rate. Turtles go to bottom of pond, lake, or river and bury themselves under mud and stop their breathing. |
| Clostridium bacteria can cause tetanus. Describe how this disorder develops, and its devastating symptoms. | Tetanus can develop by by a puncture wound. The muscles contract and do not relax |
| HYPOtonic | explode, more water. Less dissolved substances |
| ISOTONIC | normal |
| PLASMOLYSIS | Happens when put into HYPERtonic state, the cell loses water and the plasma membrane shrivels. Used for plant or bacterial cells |
| CRENATION | Happens when put into HYPERtonic state, the cell loses water and the plasma membrane shrivels. Used for animal cells |
| What are the 2 rules of energy? | 1. Energy is not created or destoryed but it can change forms. 2. when energy changes forms, some of that energy is "lost" usually as heat |
| usable energy makes ATP | plants absorb sun -> ATP Animals eat food -> ATP |
| What can glucose bonds be used to assemble? | ATP |
| What does ATP stand for? | Adenosine Tri Phosphate |
| what are enzymes made of | all enzymes are made of protein |
| What might influence how well an enzyme works? | The temperature. Most enzymes require a specific temperature range. |
| What other things might influence how well an enzyme works ? | PH, Co-enzymes, salts, toxins |
| fun fact about proteins | they can have multiple troles in oganisms |
| What about passive membrane activity | They dont require ATP |
| What about Active membrane activity | they do require ATP |
| What are Hypotonic, Hypertonic and Isotonic used for? | used to compare concentration of water + dissolved subtances. |
| What is the normal condition of a RBC | ISOTONIC |
| Where do aerobic repsiration and fermentation begin? | Aerobic respiration and fermentation begin in cytoplasm, with glycolysis |
| What is GLYCOLYSIS | Glycolysis is a series of reactions that produce ATP by converting one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate, an organic compound with a three-carbon backbone |
| what are the variation of anaerobic respirations? | Alcoholic fermentation by yeast, cider bacteria, lactate fermentation, problematic bacteria that produces toxins. |
| What about Eukaryotic Organisms? | Aerobic Respiration is common in it |
| Does the process that happens in mitochondria apply to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic? | no, only eukaryotic |
| What phase do freshwater turtles go into? | Aerobic phase |
| What do lipids and protiens have to do with ATP | they create atp from different sources. |
| are all animals skeletal muscles the same? | no, only in some. |
| what is the difference between dark meat and light meat | dark meat cells have more mitochondria and more blood vessels that help create a strong point of endurance while light met cells have less mitochondria and blood vessels that allow for quick/short term activity |
| Where does all the glucose and O2 needed by animals and plants come from? | photosynthesis. |
| Which is the autotroph and which is the heterotroph? | Plants = AUTOTROPHS Animals = HETEROTROPHS |
| What is the visible light spectrum? | variety of colors like red,orange, yellow, green, blue, purple |
| which of the colors is absorbed the most by chlorophyll? | red and blue |
| What about other colors? | if other colors are not absorbed, they are reflecting back. What we see is what is being reflected. What we don't see if what is being absorbed. |
| Which of the accessory pigments do you find in a land plant | xanthophylls and carotenes |
| which of the accessory pigments do you find in ocean plants | phycoerythrins and phycocyanins. |
| What is the fate of glucose made by photosynthesis? | for aerobic respiration, stored in starch, and glucose is converted to all organic compounds a plant needs |
| what is the environment of fall foliage colors? | lower lights, shorter days, cooler temps |
| What does DNA do? | Transmits, utilizes and stores genetic info |
| Where is DNA mostly found? | In the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
| True statement | in an individual, all the body cells have the same DNA |
| what is the only exception? | sperm and egg cells |
| What about chromosomes? | they come in different shapes and sizes. |
| What about its number | Chromosome number is specific to each species. Humans have 46 chromosomes broken into 23 pairs. |
| What are the chromosome names? | first 22 are called aurosomes 23rd pair is called sex chromosome |
| what are some causes for mutations? | High energy radiation and chemicals. |
| What are Spontaneous mutations? | mutations with no known cause. |
| Whata re mutations the result of | accumulative causes. limited abilities to repair. |
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