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Exam 3 Study
Stack for BIOL 2040 BGSU Exam 3
| Protist | a eukaryote that is not classified as an animal, plant, or fungi |
| Characteristics of protists | microscopic and live in moist environments |
| Why isn't Protista used anymore?* | Protista is not monophyletic |
| Ecological roles of protists* | algae - photosynthetic (autotrophic) protozoa - heterotrophic fungus-like protists - absorptive feeders like fungi but unrelated |
| Excavata* | includes Euglena (genus), flexible covering, photosynthetic or heterotrophic |
| Alveolata* | sac-like alveoli under membrane; includes Ciliates (C. Paramecium) use cilia to move and reproduce by conjugation Apicomplexans (A. Plasmodium) are parasites Dinoflagellates can cause red tides or live symbiotically with coral |
| Stramenopila* | strawlike hairs on flagella; includes diatoms (silica shells) brown algae (kelp) Phyrophthora (potato blight) |
| Rhizaria* | thin, hairlike pseudopodia; includes Radiolaria Foraminifera |
| Amoebozoa* | move with pseudopodia; includes Dictyostelium (slime mold) forms multicellular "slugs" when starved |
| Opisthokonta* | has one posterior flagellum; includes animals, fungi, related protists |
| Asexual Reproduction - Protists* | produces cysts with tough walls for survival and dispersal |
| Sexual Reproduction - Protists | uses gametes and zygotes; increases genetic diversity |
| Fungi | eukaryotes in Opisthokonta group; evolved from amoeba-like protists that fed by engulfing food |
| Osmotrophy | heterotrophy that eats by absorbing organic molecules; the way modern fungi eat |
| Fungi cell walls | made of chitin; prevents drying and phagocytosis, allows for osmotrophy, is tough |
| similarities between animals and fungi | store energy as glycogen heterotrophic (absorptive nutrition) lack chlorophyll and cannot photosynthesize |
| mycelium | body of fungi made up of hyphae |
| hyphae | microscopic, branched filaments of the body of a fungus |
| aseptate hyphae | is not partitioned into smaller (fungal) cells; multinucleated; early fungi |
| septate hyphae | divided into cells by walls called septa (advanced fungi) |
| fruiting bodies | the visible reproductive structures of fungi (mushrooms, molds, etc.) |
| asexual reproduction - fungi* | involves spores or budding, allows for fast population growth |
| conidia | spores made by fungi for asexual reproduction; produced at tips of hyphae |
| budding | a type of asexual reproduction done by yeasts (which are typically unicellular |
| sexual reproduction - fungi* | two compatible hyphae fuse, mated hyphae become dikaryotic (containing two nuclei), then produce fruiting bodies and produce spores typically found in Basidiocarps and Ascocarps |
| Ascomycota* | sac fungi, produce spores in sacs called asci; form fruiting bodies called ascocarps. Examples: truffles, morels, mildew, and lichens |
| Basidiomycota* | club fungi, produce spores on basidia; form fruiting bodies called basidiocarps Examples: mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, and smuts |
| Fungi ecology & importance* | decomposers: break down cellulose and lignin, recycle nutrients pathogens: in plants (blights, rusts) and animals (athlete's foot, yeast infections) mutualists: mycorrhizae (root symbionts), lichen biotech: food yeasts, model organisms, antibiotics |
| Plantae evolution* | evolved from green algal (streptophyte) ancestors; share cytokinesis type, plasmodesmata, reproduction with egg and sperm |
| Plant adaptations to land* | 3D tissues - support and protection apical meristems - (growth at tips) produces new tissues cuticle - prevents water loss spores & seeds - protected by tough walls vascular tissues - xylem and phloem - transport and structure |
| nonvascular plants* | liverworts, mosses, hornworts |
| seedless vascular plants* | lycophytes (lycophylls) and pteridophytes (euphylls, no seeds) (ferns, horsetails) |
| gymnosperms* | "naked seeds" (no fruit); conifers, cycads, ginkgos |
| angiosperms* | flowering plants; have flowers, fruits, and endosperm |
| stems | support and transport of nutrients, water, etc. |
| roots | anchor and absorb water and minerals |
| leaves | photosynthesis; evolved from simple to complex (lycophylls (small leaves) -> euphylls (bigger leaves) |
| seeds* | enable dormancy, dispersal, protection of embryos |
| pollination* | movement of pollen to ovules by wind or animals - pollen tubes carry sperm to egg |
| spore types | homospory (one spore type) - first in plants heterospory (two spore types) - more recent in evolution |
| Runcaria heinzelinii | fossil of transitional stage between spores and seeds (lacy integument) |
| integument | leaflike structure that encloses sporangium to form an ovule |
| ovule | in a seed plant, a megaspore-producing sporangium with enclosing structures (integuments) |
| megaspore | in seeded and some seedless plants, large spore that produces female gametophyte within spore wall |
| microspore | in seeded and some seedless plants, small spore that produces male gametophyte |
| pollen | in seed plants, tiny male gametophytes enclosed by sporopollenin-containing microspore walls |
| plants' impact on Earth* | helped form soil, increase atmospheric oxygen, and provide habitat for other life |
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