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ES Astronomy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Big Bang Theory | The scientific origin of the universe that everything was created from. A hot dense ball of energy erupted and when the matter cooled, atoms were created. |
| Cosmic background radiation | The energy sitting in space left over from the big bang. The densest clumps of this energy create galaxies |
| Radiation | Energy that travels in a wave |
| Frequency of a wave | number of waves that pass a point in one second |
| High frequency | high energy |
| two different parts of a wave | peak and trough |
| Spectral lines | Used like a fingerprint for elements, the light is separated and bent by a prism to indicate what is present |
| The doppler effect | How wavelengths are longer when traveling away and short when traveling forward. |
| The doppler effect- sound | change of pitch but not loudness. coming towards- high, going away- low |
| Blue Shift | how the doppler effect affects light when it's moving toward |
| Red shift | how the doppler effect affects light when it's moving away, stretches light and moves the signature towards the red end |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The form of energy that is radio waves, microwaves, x-rays, gamma rays, and sunlight |
| Gravity | force that pulls all objects together. The more mass or the closer the distance, the stronger pull |
| Universe | all of space and time and everything in them |
| Galaxy | A collection of millions of stars bound together by gravity. Ex. Milky way |
| Star | A very hot and massive object that does nuclear fusion. On average they live ten billion years but the bigger they are, the least the life span |
| Nuclear Fusion | How starts make energy |
| Nucleosynthesis | The result of nuclear fusion, elements being created, the process get faster as the elements get larger |
| Star life cycle determination | Bigger stars are brighter and live shorter lives |
| Characteristics of a Star | Luminosity, Size, temperature, and color |
| Solar System | A star and it's surrounding bodies |
| Components of our solar system | Sun, 8 planets, the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, Oort cloud |
| Planet | A celestial body orbiting a star that is round and large enough to clear away debris |
| Terrestrial planets | Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars |
| Mercury | smallest, closest to sun, 0 moons |
| Venus | Hottest due to greenhouse gasses, most similar to earth, 0 moons |
| Earth | Only known life in the solar system, 70% of surface is water, 1 moon |
| Mars | much smaller than earth, has a big volcano, 2 moons, 2 marsquakes |
| Jovian Planets | Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune |
| Jupiter | Largest planet, has a red eye, 79 moons |
| Saturn | Second largest planet, rings made of ice, 82 moons |
| Uranus | flipped on its side, 27 moons |
| Neptune | Farthest from the sun, fourth largest planet, 14 moons |
| Satellite | A celestial body orbiting a planet (includes moons) |
| Asteroids | Rocky remnants from the creation of the solar system, most in the asteroid belt between mars and jupiter |
| Dwarf planet | Celestial body that meets 2 out of 3 planet criteria |
| Planet rotation | how a planet rotates in space, one rotation makes one day |
| Axis | the point we are rotating around |
| Axel tilt | 23.5 degrees, making the north pole point at polaris, also called obliquity |
| Revolution | One trip around the sun, one year |
| Insolation | The radiation that comes from the sun, mostly visible |
| Direct insolation | When light comes from the sun at 90 degrees, most intense |
| Indirect insolation | Light coming from the sun at a lower angle, less intense and efficient |
| Reason for our Seasons | The tilt of the earth points one hemisphere towards the sun and one hemisphere away, making one get more heat. as the earth revolves the season change |
| Orbit | the path an object takes as it revolves around the sun |
| Kepler's 1st law | The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at one of the two foci |
| Ellipse | The oval shape of the planets orbits with two center points. |
| Foci | the two center points of an ellipse |
| Eccentricity | a number between 0 and 1 showing how oval an ellipse is |
| Kepler's 2nd law | if the area of abs is the same as cds, the time it takes to get from a to b is the same as from c to d. When the planet is closer to the sun on it's orbit, it travels faster |
| Kepler's 3rd law | The farther a planet is from the sun, the longer it's revolution |
| Effects of the moon's revolution | Phases, tides, and eclipses |
| Tilt of the moon's orbit | The moon's orbit is tilted so it's different than the earth's orbit- affects eclipses |
| Phases of the moon | New, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent |
| Period of one revolution of the moon | 27.5 days |
| period of one cycle of moon phases | 29.5 days |
| Solar eclipse | The earth moves into the moon's shadow, only in new moon phase |
| umbra | Blackest part of a shadow |
| penumbra | A partial shadow between shadow and light |
| lunar eclipse | moon goes into the shadow of the earth, only in full moon phase |
| Tides | The cyclic rise and fall of ocean waters due to the gravitational impact of the earth, moon, and sun |
| Spring tides | The highest and lowest tides, when the sun and moon are pulling on the same line |
| Neap tides | least severe tides, happen when the sun and moon are working opposite of each other |
Created by:
Scarlett:)!
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