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Bio U3 Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the backbone of DNA? | Sugar-phosphate backbone |
| What are the bases for DNA? | ACTG |
| How is the sugar-phosphate backbone held together? | Phosphodiester bonds |
| What is the rule stating that any species' DNA has an equal amount of Adenine and Thymine, and Guanine and Cytosine? | Chargaff's rule |
| What are cytosine, uracil, and thymine classified as? | Pyrimidines |
| What are guanine and adenine classified as? | Purines |
| Why is DNA antiparallel? | The strands have the same structure but run in opposite directions |
| What is the bond in between nitrogenous bases? | Hydrogen bond |
| What is the DNA "unzipping" enzyme called? | Helicase |
| What is the protein that binds to DNA while unzipping to prevent strands joining back together? | Single stranded binding proteins (SSB) |
| What enzyme prevents DNA from supercoiling? | Topoisomerase |
| What is the y-shaped structure made when DNA is unzipped? | Replication fork |
| What protein attaches RNA primer to an exposed DNA base? | RNA primase |
| What marks the beginning of DNA replication? | RNA primer |
| What direction does DNA polymerase read in? | 3' to 5' |
| What direction does DNA polymerase synthesize in? | 5' to 3' |
| What DNA strand is replicated continuously? | Leading strand |
| What DNA strand can only be replicated in small chunks? | Lagging strand |
| What are the sections of the lagging strand synthesized discontinuously called? | Okazaki fragments |
| What removes RNA primers from the DNA strands? | Exonuclease |
| What inserts DNA after exonuclease removes RNA primers? | Polymerase I |
| What "glues" DNA strands and Okazaki fragments together? | Ligase |
| What protein proofreads the DNA strand after replication? | Polymerase |
| In which organisms are there one and many DNA origins of replication? | Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, respectively |
| What carries information from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm? | RNA |
| What sugar does RNA have? | Ribose |
| What sugar does DNA have? | Deoxyribose |
| What are the three components of DNA and RNA? | Phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base |
| What RNA is a disposable copy of DNA to carry instructions to the rest of the cell? | mRNA (Messenger RNA) |
| What RNA makes up ribosomes and assembles proteins on ribosomes? | rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) |
| What RNA transfers amino acids to ribosomes to construct protein? | tRNA (Transfer RNA) |
| Is DNA or RNA less stable? | RNA |
| In eukaryotes, what are the non-coding and coding regions of RNA? | Introns and Extons, respectively |
| What is it called when combining extrons? | Splicing |
| What happens during transcription? | mRNA is created using DNA as a template |
| What happens during translation? | Proteins are created based on the information from mRNA |
| What is a group of 3 bases on mRNA? | Codon |
| What is a group of 3 bases on tRNA? | Anticodon |
| What does mRNA bind to in the cytoplasm? | Ribosome |
| What holds together amino acids in a protein? | Peptide bonds |
| What is a section of DNA that contains the genes for the proteins needed for a specific metabolic pathway? | Operon |
| What kind of gene helps determine the development of embryonic regions along the anterior-posterior axis? | Hox Genes |
| What is the name of a factor that can increase the risk of a mutation occurring? | Mutagen |
| What happens when one nitrogenous base is changed or swapped for another base? | Substitution |
| What happens when one or more bases are added to a DNA strand? | Insertion |
| What happens when one or more bases are removed from a DNA strand? | Deletion |
| What kind of mutation changes a base but has the same amino acid? | Silent |
| What kind of mutation changes a base causing the amino acid to change? | Missense |
| What kind of mutation leads to every base being shifted forward or backward so every amino acid from the place of origin is different? | Frameshift |
| What kind of mutation causes a premature stop codon resulting in a non-functional protein? | Nonsense |
| What protein synthesizes the bulk of DNA on the leading strand? | Polymerase III |
| Where does transcription occur? | Nucleus |
| Where does translation occur? | Cytoplasm |
| What kind of mutation is a change for one or a few nucleotides? | Gene mutation |
| What kind of mutation changes the structure of a chromosome? | Chromosomal mutation |
| What does DNA being semi-conservative mean? | Two new strands are created based on two existing strands |
| What is the place that RNA Polymerase binds to on DNA to start transcription? | Promoter region |
Created by:
agastyad
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