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BIO EXAM 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| genome | complete collection of an individual's genes |
| allele | variant of a gene |
| genotype | organisms set of alleles for a trait (Aa) |
| phenotype | physical appearance (freckles) |
| sickle cell anemia | hemoglobin proteins don't form correctly and can't carry oxygen. causes blood clots and anemia. recessive inherited. |
| osteogenesis imperfecta (glass bone disease) | mutation in chromosome 17. reduced levels of normal collagen. lungs can't expand, broken and bowed bones. dominant inherited |
| huntington's disease | chromosome 4. mutated huntington protein in neurons. causes proteins to clump and inactivate. dementia, speech impaired, uncontrolled movement, loss of coordination. dominant inherited |
| incomplete dominance | when 2 alleles blend rather than being one dominant over the other |
| codominance | alleles are equally expressed at the same time |
| cancer | uncontrolled cell growth |
| differentiation | process by which a cell acquires a specific structure and function |
| telomeres | get shorter after each cell cycle |
| telomeres | in cancer cells, the ________ remain at constant length, and the cell can keep dividing over and over |
| telomerase | an enzyme that rebuilds telomeres and prevents a cell from ever losing its potential to divide |
| tumors | as cancer cells begin to divide, they form _______. (groups of cells) |
| benign | tumor surrounded by a capsule made of connective tissue that prevents the tumor from invading adjacent tissues |
| malignant | cancerous tumor that does not have a surrounding capsule and is able to invade surrounding tissues |
| carcinogenesis | development of cancer in a multistage process with 3 phases: initiation, promotion, progression |
| initiation | one cell mutates and begins to divide repeatedly |
| promotion | a tumor develops; the tumor cells continue to divide and undergo more mutation |
| progression | one cell gains the ability to invade surrounding tissues |
| angiogenesis | formation of new blood vessels around the tumor to allow for direct oxygen and nutrient supply to tumor, rapidly increasing tumor growth and spread |
| metastasis | cells cross the basement membrane, invade a blood or lymphatic vessel, and form a new tumor |
| proto-oncogenes | genes that code for proteins that PROMOTE the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis |
| carcinomas | cancers of epithelial tissues (skin, breast, liver, pancreas, intestines, lung, prostate, and thyroid) |
| sarcomas | cancer of connective tissue and muscular tissue (bone, fat, muscle, etc.) |
| blastoma | cancer of immature cells (prenatal & children) |
| leukemias | cancers of the blood, specifically WBC |
| lymphomas | cancers of lymphoid tissue |
| tissue | group of cells working together |
| carcinogen | a chemical that causes cancer by being mutagenic |
| pollutants | such as metals, dust, chemicals, or pesticides can increase the risk of cancer |
| virus | non-living pathogen that can cause cancer |
| bacteria | prokaryotic single-celled pathogen |
| protist | eukaryotic single-celled pathogen |
| ABCDE test | used to detect melanoma |
| colon cancer test | digital rectal exam, sigmoidoscopy, stool blood test |
| blood test | test for leukemia |
| breast cancer test | self-exam, physician exam, mammogram |
| MRI | test for tumors in tissues surrounded by bone |
| ultrasound | test for tumors of the stomach, prostate, pancreas, kidney, uterus, and ovary |
| tumor marker test | blood tests for antigens and/or antibodies |
| antigens | tumors release substances (______) that provoke an antibody response in the body |
| microbes | microscopic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protists |
| pathogens | disease-causing microbes |
| nucleoid | the vast majority of bacterial DNA is found in a singular chromosome in the center of the cell, called the ________. |
| binary fission | how bacteria reproduce |
| infectious disease | disease caused by a pathogen |
| tuberculosis | bacterial infection of the lungs caused by a rod-shaped bacteriu |
| malaria | blood born disease affecting RBCs. caused by transmission of parasitic protists using mosquitos as vectors, |
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