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Nucleic acids(DNA)
Protein synthesis, structure DNA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Purine | Guanine and Adenosine (Pure as Gold) |
| Pyrimidine | Thiamine, Uracil, Cytosine |
| Why is DNA a polymer? | Long chain made from a condensation reaction between nucleotide monomers (also macromolecule made of 1000's of atoms) |
| Difference between deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides | Deoxy - Longer molecules, with 1 more oxygen (Double helix); Ribo- shorter with 1 less oxygen(single-stranded), less stable, uracil |
| Antiparallel DNA strands | DNA Polymerase moves from 3' to 5' whereas DNA synthesizes from 5' to 3' ->> Diff organization, DNA must be replicated differently |
| How many H bonds between purines and pyrimidines | C-G have 3 H bonds, A-T have 2 H bonds |
| Semi- conservative DNA replication | S phase + ATP -> 1. Helicase breaks H bonds and separates 2 strands(templates) 2. Free activated nucleotides form H bonds with complimentary base pairs. 3. DNA polymerase catalyzes formation of phosphodiester bonds, joins nucleotides |
| Transcription | Make RNA from DNA using RNA polymerase - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA |
| Translation | Ribosome reads mRNA to make a protein |
| Leading vs Lagging strand | Leading- Polymerase moves continuously from 3' to 5' but joins nucleotides discontinuously in Okazaki fragments on lagging strand - multiple polymerases required - ligase joins fragments together |
| What is meant by 5' to 3' | Phosphate grp of a free nucleotide is joined to the 3rd C on deoxyribose sugar of the nucleotide at end of chain |
| Why is DNA synthesized in opposite direction on lagging strand? | DNA polymerase can't synthesize continuously - stop and restart as parental strands are unzipped - discontinuous process results in fragments |
| Why is DNA synthesized in Okazaki fragments? | DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' still but in order to form a strand in this direction relative to parent strand, DNA polymerase joins nucleotide in opposite direction to which parental strand are being separated. |
| Protein synthesis stages | DNA transcription -> Primary RNA transcript-> splicing-> mRNA-> Translation-. Polypeptide |
| Triplet code | Sequence of 3 bases code for an amino acid |
| How does triplet code determine which proteins are made? | Sequence of bases determines the sequence of amino acids (primary structure) used which determines the 3D structure of the protein, hence its function |
| Transcription stages | 1. Helicase causes DNA to unzip, 2. Free RNA nucleotides form complimentary base pairs with DNA bases on template strand, 3. RNA polymerase joins nucleotides(phosphodiester) and produces a primary transcript |
| mRNA splicing | Primary transcript leaves nuclues it undergoes removal of introns and sticking together of exons to form mRNA |
| Translation | mRNA binds to ribosome at AUG(start), tRNA carries specific amino acid to ribosome, specific anticodon forms H bonds with complimentary codon on mRNA, 2nd tRNA binds & peptidyl transferase(peptide bonds), polypeptide is released at stop codon |
| mRNA properties | Short lived, control gene expression, production of protein in short time - efficient energy use and prevents excess product. |
| Frameshift | The deletions/ insertion of one nucleotide to the code changes all of the subsequent triplets in the gene |
| Nucleotide substitution | No effect on polypeptide due to degenerate nature of genetic code - only changes 1 base |
| Add/insertions | Change whole set of triplet codes in DNA-> change amino acid sequence which alters primary, 2nd, tertiary structures, changes function of cell |
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