Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Physiology
Physio wks 1-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the main function of the integumentary system? | Protects the body, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information. |
| What is homeostasis? | The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. |
| What are the two main control systems for maintaining homeostasis? | The nervous system and the endocrine system. |
| What are feedback mechanisms? | Processes that respond to changes in the body to maintain balance. |
| What is the difference between negative and positive feedback? | Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain balance (e.g., body temperature). Positive feedback amplifies a change until a specific goal is reached (e.g., childbirth contractions). |
| What is an element? | A pure substance made up of only one kind of atom. |
| What is an atom? | The smallest unit of an element that maintains the element’s properties. |
| What are the three main subatomic particles and their charges? | Proton (+), Neutron (0), and Electron (−). |
| What determines the atomic number of an element? | The number of protons in its nucleus. |
| What determines the atomic mass? | The number of protons plus neutrons. |
| Why is water vital to life? | It’s a universal solvent, regulates temperature, and provides a medium for chemical reactions. |
| What is a buffer? | A chemical system that resists changes in pH to maintain homeostasis. |
| What are the two main types of energy? | Potential (stored) and kinetic (in motion). |
| What molecule is the body’s main energy currency? | ATP (adenosine triphosphate). |
| What are the four major types of organic molecules? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
| What do enzymes do? | Speed up chemical reactions without being consumed (biological catalysts). |
| What are nucleic acids? | DNA and RNA — molecules that store and transmit genetic information. |
| What is ATP? | Adenosine triphosphate — stores and releases energy for cellular processes. |
| What happens when ATP is broken down to ADP? | Energy is released for the cell to use. |
| What is RNA’s main function? | Helps synthesize proteins by transferring genetic code from DNA to ribosomes. |
| What are the four major types of organic molecules? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
| What are the three main layers of the skin? | Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous (hypodermis) layer. |
| Which layer is avascular (lacks blood vessels)? | The epidermis. |
| Which layer provides strength and elasticity to the skin? | The dermis. |
| What is the subcutaneous layer primarily made of? | Adipose (fat) tissue and loose connective tissue. |
| What type of tissue makes up the epidermis? | Stratified squamous epithelial tissue. |
| Name the five layers of the epidermis (from deepest to surface). | Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum. |
| What are the two layers of the dermis? | Papillary layer (upper) and reticular layer (lower). |
| What structures are found in the dermis? | Blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, sensory receptors. |
| What are dermal papillae? | Finger-like projections that form fingerprints and increase grip. |
| What is the function of the hypodermis? | Cushions, insulates, and anchors the skin to underlying structures. |
| What type of tissue predominates in the hypodermis? | Adipose tissue. |
| What three pigments determine skin color? | Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. |
| Why does skin appear red when flushed or hot? | Increased blood flow to the dermis. |
| What is cyanosis? | A bluish tint to the skin caused by low oxygen levels in the blood. |
| What muscle causes goosebumps? | The arrector pili muscle. |
| What are nails made of? | Hard keratin. |
| What are the two main types of sweat glands? | Eccrine and apocrine glands. |
| What is the function of eccrine glands? | Produce watery sweat for temperature regulation; found all over the body. |
| Where are apocrine glands found and when do they become active? | Found in armpits and groin; become active at puberty and produce thicker sweat. |
| What are the main stages of skin repair? | inflammation, tissue formation, and remodeling. |
| What are the main functions of the skeletal system? | Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation (hematopoiesis). |
| What are osteoblasts and osteoclasts? | Osteoblasts: Build new bone tissue. Osteoclasts: Break down (resorb) bone tissue. |
| What is ossification? | The process of bone formation. |
| What is the epiphyseal plate? | The growth plate where bone length increases during childhood. |
| What is a process? | A projection from a bone (e.g., spinous process). |
| What is a fossa? | A depression or hollow area in a bone. |
| How many bones are in the skull? | 22 (8 cranial and 14 facial). |
| What bones make up the upper limb? | Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. |
| What bones make up the lower limb? | Femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. |
| what are Joints (Articulations)? | Points where two or more bones meet. |
| What are the three main types of joints by function? | Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and diarthroses (freely movable). |
| What are the main functions of the muscular system? | Movement, posture, heat production, and joint stabilization. |
| What is a muscle fiber? | A single muscle cell. |
| What is the sarcolemma? | The plasma membrane of a muscle cell. |
| What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? | Specialized endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium for muscle contraction. |
| What are myofibrils? | Thread-like structures inside muscle fibers containing actin and myosin filaments. |
| What are sarcomeres? | The functional contractile units of muscle. |
| What two filaments are responsible for muscle contraction? | Actin (thin) and myosin (thick). |
| What ion is essential for muscle contraction? | Calcium (Ca²⁺). |
| What molecule provides the energy for muscle contraction? | ATP (adenosine triphosphate). |
| What neurotransmitter triggers muscle contraction? | Acetylcholine (ACh). |
| What are the three energy sources for muscle contraction? | ATP, creatine phosphate, and glucose. |
| What causes muscle fatigue? | Lack of oxygen and buildup of lactic acid. |
| What is an isometric contraction? | Muscle tension increases but length does not change (e.g., holding a plank). |
| What are the two main divisions of the nervous system? | Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). |
| What are the two main functional divisions of the PNS? | Somatic (voluntary control) and autonomic (involuntary control). |
| What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system? | “Fight-or-flight” response — increases heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness. |
| What is the main function of the parasympathetic nervous system? | “Rest-and-digest” — slows heart rate and promotes digestion. |
| What is a neuron? | The basic functional unit of the nervous system; transmits electrical impulses. |
| What are the three parts of a neuron? | Cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon. |
| What cells produce myelin? | Schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS). |
| What is the resting membrane potential? | The electrical charge difference across a resting neuron’s membrane (about −70 mV). |
| What is depolarization? | Sodium (Na⁺) ions rush into the neuron, making the inside more positive. |
| What is repolarization? | Potassium (K⁺) ions move out, restoring the negative charge inside. |
| What is the all-or-none principle? | Once threshold is reached, the neuron fires completely. |
| What is a synapse? | The junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell. |
| What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction? | Acetylcholine (ACh). |
| What is a reflex arc? | The pathway through which a reflex occurs — receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector. |
| What are the two main types of senses? | General senses and special senses. |
| What are sensory receptors? | Specialized cells that detect stimuli and convert them into nerve impulses. |
| What is the endocrine system? | A collection of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. |
| What is a target cell? | A cell with receptors that recognize and respond to a specific hormone. |
| What gland is called the “master gland”? | The pituitary gland. |
Created by:
AideeS
Popular Biology sets