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Campbell Chapter 9
Campbell Biology Chapter 9 12th edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cellular Respiration | The process by which cells break down glucose and other organic molecules to produce ATP, releasing CO₂, H₂O, and heat. |
| Purpose of Cellular Respiration | To convert the chemical energy stored in food into usable energy (ATP) for cellular work. |
| Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration | Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose; cellular respiration releases that energy to form ATP. |
| Catabolic Pathways | Metabolic pathways that break down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy. |
| Anabolic Pathways | Metabolic pathways that build complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy. |
| Oxidation | The loss of electrons from a substance. |
| Reduction | The gain of electrons by a substance. |
| Redox Reaction | A reaction involving both oxidation and reduction; electrons are transferred between reactants. |
| Reducing Agent | The substance that donates electrons in a redox reaction (becomes oxidized). |
| Oxidizing Agent | The substance that accepts electrons in a redox reaction (becomes reduced). |
| Aerobic Respiration | Respiration that requires oxygen; produces the most ATP. |
| Anaerobic Respiration | Respiration that occurs without oxygen; uses another molecule as the final electron acceptor. |
| Fermentation | A partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen, regenerating NAD⁺ for glycolysis. |
| Equation for Cellular Respiration | C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + Energy (ATP + heat) |
| Glycolysis | The first stage of cellular respiration; breaks down glucose (6C) into two pyruvate (3C) molecules. Occurs in cytosol. |
| Energy Investment Phase | The first phase of glycolysis; cell uses 2 ATP to phosphorylate glucose. |
| Energy Payoff Phase | The second phase of glycolysis; 4 ATP produced via substrate-level phosphorylation, 2 NADH formed. |
| Net Products of Glycolysis | 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), 2 NADH, 2 H₂O. |
| Does Glycolysis Require Oxygen? | No — it occurs whether or not oxygen is present. |
| Pyruvate Oxidation | Conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix. Produces 1 NADH and 1 CO₂ per pyruvate. |
| Coenzyme A (CoA) | A sulfur-containing compound that helps form acetyl CoA from pyruvate. |
| Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) | Completes oxidation of glucose by breaking down acetyl CoA into CO₂ and transferring electrons to NADH and FADH₂. |
| Products (Per Turn) | 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, 1 ATP (via substrate-level phosphorylation), 2 CO₂. |
| Products (Per Glucose) | 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP, 4 CO₂ (since glucose forms 2 acetyl CoA). |
| Location of Citric Acid Cycle | Mitochondrial matrix (cytosol in prokaryotes). |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | Production of ATP using energy derived from redox reactions in the electron transport chain. |
| Electron Transport Chain (ETC) | A series of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane that pass electrons and pump H⁺ ions to create a gradient. |
| Final Electron Acceptor | Oxygen (O₂); combines with electrons and H⁺ to form water. |
| Chemiosmosis | The use of the H⁺ gradient (proton-motive force) to drive ATP synthesis through ATP synthase. |
| ATP Synthase | The enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP + Pᵢ using the proton-motive force. |
| Proton-Motive Force | The gradient of H⁺ across the mitochondrial membrane that powers ATP production. |
| ATP Yield from Oxidative Phosphorylation | About 26–28 ATP per glucose. |
| Purpose of Fermentation | To regenerate NAD⁺ from NADH so glycolysis can continue without oxygen. |
| Alcohol Fermentation | Pyruvate converted to ethanol and CO₂ (e.g., yeast). |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | Pyruvate reduced to lactate (e.g., muscle cells under low oxygen). |
| ATP Yield from Fermentation | 2 ATP per glucose (from glycolysis only). |
| Facultative Anaerobes | Organisms that can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration (e.g., yeast, muscle cells). |
| Catabolic Versatility | Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all feed into cellular respiration pathways. |
| β-oxidation | Process that breaks down fatty acids into acetyl CoA units for the citric acid cycle. |
| Amino Acid Deamination | Removal of the amino group before amino acids enter the citric acid cycle. |
| Anabolic Pathways and Biosynthesis | Intermediates from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can be used to build macromolecules. |
| Purpose of Acetyl CoA formation | Links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle. Pyruvate → acetyl CoA + CO₂ + NADH. |
| Why two turns per glucose | Each glucose produces 2 pyruvates → 2 acetyl CoA → 2 cycles. |
| Role of NADH/FADH₂ | Temporary electron carriers; store high-energy electrons for the ETC. |
| Why O₂ is essential (for aerobic) | It pulls electrons through the ETC, maintaining flow; without it, the chain backs up. |
| Fermentation vs. Anaerobic respiration | Fermentation: no ETC, no oxygen; Anaerobic: ETC with different final electron acceptor. |
| Energy yield comparison | Aerobic: ~30–32 ATP; Anaerobic: less (~2–28 ATP depending on organism); Fermentation: 2 ATP. |
| Electron Transport Chain | A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that pass electrons and use the released energy to pump H⁺ ions, creating a gradient. |
| Chemiosmosis | The movement of H⁺ ions down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase, producing ATP. |
| Anaerobic | A process that occurs without oxygen. |
| Beta Oxidation | The process of breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA for use in cellular respiration. |
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trumoo312
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