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Campbell Chapter 7
Campbell Biology Chapter 7 12th edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Phospholipid | Amphipathic molecule with hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail that forms bilayers in water. |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | Model describing the membrane as a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with proteins embedded throughout. |
| Amphipathic | Molecule with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. |
| Integral Protein | Protein that penetrates the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer (most are transmembrane). |
| Peripheral Protein | Protein loosely bound to the membrane surface or to integral proteins. |
| Cholesterol | Steroid that acts as a fluidity buffer—restrains movement at high temps and prevents solidification at low temps. |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acids | Have double bonds causing kinks; increase membrane fluidity. |
| Saturated Fatty Acids | Lack double bonds; pack tightly, decreasing fluidity. |
| Cytoskeleton | Network inside the cell that anchors some proteins, restricting their movement. |
| Glycolipid | Lipid with a carbohydrate attached. |
| Glycoprotein | Protein with a carbohydrate attached—important for cell recognition. |
| Six Functions of Membrane Proteins | Transport, Enzymatic Activity, Signal Transduction, Cell-Cell Recognition, Intercellular Joining, Attachment to Cytoskeleton/ECM. |
| Cell-Cell Recognition | Cells identifying each other via glycoproteins and glycolipids on their surfaces. |
| Selective Permeability | Property allowing only certain substances to cross the plasma membrane. |
| Nonpolar Molecules | Dissolve in lipid bilayer easily (e.g., CO₂, O₂). |
| Polar Molecules | Cross slowly or require transport proteins. |
| Channel Protein | Provides hydrophilic tunnel for molecules/ions. |
| Carrier Protein | Changes shape to shuttle molecules across the membrane. |
| Aquaporin | Channel protein that allows water to pass rapidly through the membrane. |
| Glucose Transporter | Carrier protein specific for glucose; rejects similar molecules like fructose. |
| Passive Transport | Movement across a membrane without energy input. |
| Diffusion | Tendency for molecules to spread evenly; move from high to low concentration. |
| Concentration Gradient | Region where substance density changes; molecules move “down” this gradient. |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Isotonic | Equal solute concentration inside and outside; no net water movement. |
| Hypertonic | Higher solute outside; cell loses water and shrinks. |
| Hypotonic | Lower solute outside; cell gains water and may burst. |
| Tonicity | Ability of solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water. |
| Osmoregulation | Control of solute concentration and water balance. |
| Turgor Pressure | Pressure from cell wall that prevents further water intake in plant cells. |
| Plasmolysis | Shrinking of cytoplasm due to water loss in hypertonic environment. |
| Flaccid Cell | Limp plant cell in isotonic solution. |
| Turgid Cell | Firm plant cell in hypotonic solution. |
| Active Transport | Movement of solutes against concentration gradient; requires energy (ATP). |
| Sodium-Potassium Pump | Uses ATP to pump 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in; maintains electrochemical gradient. |
| Proton Pump | Active transporter that moves H⁺ out of cell, storing energy as voltage. |
| Cotransport | Coupling of diffusion of one substance to active transport of another. |
| Bulk Transport | Movement of large molecules using vesicles. |
| Exocytosis | Vesicles fuse with membrane to secrete materials (e.g., neurotransmitters, insulin). |
| Endocytosis | Cell takes in substances by forming vesicles from plasma membrane. |
| Vesicle Recycling | Balance of endocytosis and exocytosis maintains membrane surface area. |
| What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane? | It maintains proper membrane fluidity across temperature changes. |
| Why are phospholipids amphipathic? | They contain both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. |
| How does diffusion differ from active transport? | Diffusion moves substances down their gradient without energy; active transport moves them against it using ATP. |
| What would happen to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution? | It would swell and possibly burst (lyse). |
| What does the term “fluid mosaic” describe? | The dynamic mix of lipids and proteins in the membrane. |
| What causes plasmolysis in plants? | Water loss in a hypertonic environment/salt. |
| Why is selective permeability important? | It allows the cell to maintain homeostasis by controlling material movement. |
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