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Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron? | The electrical charge difference across a nonconducting neuron's membrane, typically –70 mV, maintained by the sodium-potassium pump. |
| What happens when the threshold potential is reached? | Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels open, triggering a full action potential (“all-or-none” response). |
| Which ion causes depolarization? | Sodium (Na⁺) enters the neuron, making the inside more positive. |
| Which ion causes repolarization? | Potassium (K⁺) exits the neuron, restoring the negative internal charge. |
| What is saltatory conduction? | The jumping of action potentials from one node of Ranvier to the next along a myelinated axon, speeding transmission. |
| What is the refractory period? | The brief time after an action potential when a neuron cannot be restimulated, ensuring one-way transmission. |
| What are neurotransmitters? | Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses from one neuron to another. |
| What is temporal summation? | When multiple signals from one presynaptic neuron occur in quick succession, adding together to trigger an action potential. |
| What maintains the resting potential? | The sodium-potassium pump, which moves 3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in using ATP. |
| What is an ionotropic receptor? | A receptor that directly opens ion channels when a neurotransmitter binds, causing immediate changes in membrane potential. |
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