Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BIOL 1141 Exam 1
terminology, concepts for Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cells | basic units of structure and function in a living organism |
| number of cells in the human body | approximately 75 trillion |
| intracellular fluid | fluid inside a cell |
| extracellular fluid or intercellular fluid | fluid outside of a cell |
| vascular fluid | extracellular fluids that circulate |
| plasma | fluid part of the blood, contained in blood vessels |
| lymph fluid | contained in lymphatic vessels |
| interstitial fluid | fluid in between cells, in the tissues. Not found in blood or lymphatic vessels |
| light microscope | uses light as the illuminating source |
| electron microscope | uses electrons as the illuminating source, provides greater magnification and detail compared to light microscope. |
| 3 general regions of a cell | plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus |
| plasma membrane | thin and flexible outer boundary of the cell, defines the cell, contains contents |
| selectively permeable | characteristic of a cell membrane that controls what can enter and leave |
| 2 types of membrane transport | passive and active |
| passive processes | do not require energy (ATP) |
| diffusion | passive process. Movement of substance from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| concentration gradient | difference in concentration between two areas that allows movement of materials between the two areas |
| simple diffusion | small molecules can move directly through the lipid part of the cell membrane (ex - O2, CO2, urea) |
| facilitated diffusion | proteins form channels in the cell membrane through which molecules can pass |
| osmosis | movement of water from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration |
| active process | requires ATP or other energy source, molecules move against the concentration gradient |
| specific transport mechanisms | proteins transport substances across the membrane |
| bulk transport mechanisms | use vesicles to move things into or out of the cell |
| vesicle | fluid filled pocket of the lipid bilayer |
| endocytosis | formation of a vesicle from the membrane of a cell |
| 3 different types of endocytosis | phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| phagocytosis | brings in fairly large molecule into a cell - "eats" the substance and then brings it into the cell |
| pinocytosis | when a cell "drinks" in extracellular fluid |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | cell wants a specific thing, so a protein is used to "attract" the specific substance |
| exocytosis | secretion or release of waste or other molecules through formation of a vesicle that attaches to the membrane to release contents. The vesicle then becomes part of the cell membrane. |
| three types of intercellular junctions | tight junction, desmosome, gap junction |
| tight junction | prevents leakage between cells |
| desmosome | strengthens the cell-to-cell contacts |
| gap junctions | facilitates communication between cells |
| cytoskeleton | internal skeleton made from proteins, gives cells their shape |
| microfilaments | little rods, fine filaments of contractile protein, involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement, part of cytoskeleton |
| microtubules | little tubes, support the cell and give it shape, part of the cytoskeleton |
| intermediate filament | protein fibers, composition varies. part of the cytoskeleton, resist tension forces acting on a cell |
| cilia | short, hairlike extensions that are on the free surface of the cell. made from microtubles. help move things along an epithelial surface |
| flagella | singular cell extension that gives a cell motility |
| microvilli | folds of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of the cell to allow for quick exchange of material or absorption of material |
| nucleus | control center of the cell, contains most of the cell's DNA |
| nuclear envelope | membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a cell |
| nucleolus | dense, spherical bodies within the nucleus |
| chromatin | DNA molecules plus their "protein wrap" |
| chromosome | "colored body" - contains a single, long strand of DNA |
| number of chromosomes in humans | 46 (23 pairs) |
| cell cycle | cell division -> cell division G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (growth), M (mitosis) |
| stages of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| examples of cells that cycle regularly | skin, hair, most epithelia |
| examples of cells that do not cycle regularly | skeletal muscle, brain cells (nerves), cardiac muscle |
| human life cycle | egg/sperm -> zygote -> adult -> egg/sperm |
| zygote | fertilized egg |
| meiosis | type of division in which egg and sperm cells are produced, produces cells with half of the required number of chromosomes |
| differentiation | process by which genetically identical cells specialize in structure and function |
| 2 roles of cells | 1)general function, 2) specialized function |
| terminal (w/ differentiation) | describes a cell that no longer divides, usually happens once a cell specializes |
| stem cells | less than fully differentiated cells |
| stem cells in adults | limited differentiation, usually only produce a limited number of cells |
| stem cells in embryos | can give rise to many different cell types |
| cancer | collection of diseases in which cells do not behave appropriately, often form a solid mass called a tumor |
| tumor | solid mass of cells |
| hyperplagia | increased cell division, increase in cell numbers |
| anaplasia | inappropriate/incomplete differentiation in cells |
| benign | usually not life-threatening unless impacts vital organs; do not usually spread |
| malignant | often life-threatening, can grow, spread and disrupt normal physiology |
| metastisis | spread of cancer cells to other body systems, new tumors |
| causes of cancer | free radicals (molecules that disrupt DNA), carcinogens, radiation, mutant genes |
| treatments | chemotherapy, surgery, radiation |
| types of cancers | carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia |
| carcinoma | cancer of epithelial tissues, about 90% of all cancers, usually solid tumors |
| sarcoma | cancer of connective or muscle tissue, usually form solid tumors |
| lymphoma | cancer of lymphocytes (white blood cells) |
| leukemia | cancer of blood cells |
| organelles | little organs within a cell |
| interphase | stages G1, S and G2 of the cell cycle (everything except mitosis) |
| cytokinesis | separation of the cell into two separate cells at teh end of the cell cycle, "cells moving apart" |
| neoplasm | abnormal mass of proliferating cells |
| gamete | mature reproductive cell that can fuse with another mature reproductive cell |
| histology | study of biological tissues |
| tissue | group of cells with similar function and structure |
| extracellular matrix | material outside and in between cells, made and secreted by the cells |
| four types of tissues | epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve |
| function of epithelial tissues | cover and line surfaces and hollow organs (serosa); form membranes, glands that secrete; filtration, absorption, protection, secretion, sensory reception, excretion, diffusion |
| characteristics of epithelial tissue | -no blood vessels (in connective tissue underneath) -heal relatively quickly -tend to replace themselves quickly -contain stem cells -tightly packed -small amount of extracellular matrix -cells have direction |
| free (apical) surface | cell membrane in contact with the lumen, surface (superficial) layer of stratified epithelia |
| attached (basal) surface | surface of the cell that touches the basement membrane, bottom layer in stratified epithelia |
| basement membrane | membrane between epithelial cells and underlying connective tissues |
| different types of epithelia | 1 simple squamous epithelium 2 simple cuboidal epithelium 3 simple columnar epithelium 4 stratified squamous epithelium 5 stratified cuboidal epithelium 6 stratified columnar epithelium 7 pseudostratified columnar epithelium 8 transitional epitheli |
| endocrine glands | secrete into plasma, hormones |
| exocrine glands | secrete into the lumen of ducts which lead to a surface (ex, sweat, salivary glands, mammary glands) |
| unicellular gland | a singular cell that secretes (ex, goblet cell) |
| multicellular gland | multiple cells that secrete into a duct (ex, salivary, mammary) |
| types of connective tissues | 1 loose (areolar) connective tissue 2 dense connective tissue (reg & irreg) 3 adipose tissue 4 reticular connective tissue 5 elastic connective tissue 6 hyaline cartilage 7 elastic cartilage 8 fibrocartilage 9 bone 10 blood |
| types of muscle tissue | 1 skeletal muscle 2 smooth muscle 3 cardiac muscle |
| functions of connective tissues | support, provide blood supply to epithelial tissues at the surface, fill spaces, attach organs, surround organs, transport (blood), storage of energy (adipose) |
| characteristics of connective tissues | cells are more widely dispersed, blood vessels throughout (except cartilage), extracellular matrix is an important part of the tissue |
| cell types found in connective tissues | 1 fibrocyte (fibers) 2 adipocyte (fat) 3 osteocyte (bone) 4 chondrocyte (cartilage) |
| ground substance | extracellular matrix, mixture of proteins, carbohydrates and water, can be fluid (blood), gel-like (cartilage) or solid (bone) |
| collagenous fibers | thick fibers, strong, resist stretching |
| elastic fibers | thin, allow tissues to stretch and recoil |
| reticular fibers | delicate, provide support for fragile organs |
| white blood cell types | macrophage (clean up), neutrophils (immune defense), mast cells (inflammation) |
| examples/functions of loose (areolar) connective tissue | papillary layer of the dermis, often found under epithelia; fills in spaces, has ample blood supply |
| specific functions of adipose tissue | storage of energy, protection, insulation |
| examples/functions of dense connective tissue | tendons, ligaments (dense regular) reticular layer of the dermis (dense irregular) |
| examples/functions of elastic connective tissues?? | lots of elastic fibers, aorta |
| examples/functions of cartilage | no blood vessels, contain lacunae, does not heal well ends of bones at joints (hyaline) ear (elastic) knees, pelvis, vertebrae (fibrocartilage - provides support) |
| components of blood | erythrocytes (red blood cells) - carry O2 leukocytes (white blood cells) - immune protection thrombocytes (platelets) - clotting |
| functions of muscle tissue | movement; move materials throughout the body (ex, cardiac muscle), move parts of the body (ex, skeletal muscle), locomotion, generate heat to help maintain constant body temperature |
| characteristics of muscle tissue | can shorten - contractile tissues; elongated, excitable, elastic |
| functions/characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue | voluntary muscle; fibers, striations, multiple nuclei per fiber, cannot divide, |
| functions/characteristics of smooth muscle tissue | involuntary muscle; no striations, one nucleus per cell, can form sheets/layers of cells |
| functions/characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue | involuntary muscle; striations, intercalated discs, individual cells "locked" from end to end to form one long arrangement |
| functions/characteristics of nerve tissue | located within the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves); communication and coordination of body systems, electrical tissue, lots of fibers, 2 types of cells - neurons and neuroglia (supporting cells) |
| body membranes | organs; thin, flexible sheet-like structures made up of 2 or more tissues |
| functions of body membranes | cover the body, line body cavities, cover organs, line lumen of hollow organs, separate/compartmentalize the body, secrete lubricants, protect/support/anchor organs |
| types of body membranes | epithelial (serous, mucus, cutaneous) connective tissue (fascial - superficial and deep, skeletal) |
| epthelial membranes | epithelia with underlying connective tissue includes serous membranes, mucus membranes and cutaneous membranes |
| serous membranes | located on body cavity walls or on organs; simple squamous epithelium + connective tissue; secrete serous fluid; facilitate movement of an organ within a body cavity, protection |
| mesothelium | pleural membrane |
| mucus membranes | located at the openings of cavities (ex, nose, mouth, airways, stomach); different types of epithelial tissues, often with goblet cells or with separate glands that open up onto epithelium); secrete mucus; protection, lubrication, defense from pathogens |
| cutaneous membranes | skin (integument), located at the surface of the body; stratified squamous epithelium + loose connective + dense irregular tissue; protection |
| integument | skin |
| connective tissue membranes | contain 2 or more connective tissues, stronger than epithelial membranes |
| superficial fascia | hypodermis, subcutaneous layer; located at the bottom layer of the skin, superficial to skeletal muscle; adipose tissue + areolar connective + dense connective tissue |
| deep fascia | deep to hypodermis, extends to and into skeletal muscle; mostly dense connective tissue with some areolar and adipose |
| skeletal membranes | periosteum, perichondrium, synovial membranes; mostly dense connective tissue with some aerolar |
| periosteum | membrane around bones, contains cells that produce more bones |
| perichondrium | membrane around cartilage, supplies blood vessels |
| synovial membrane | joints, produces fluid that lubricates joints |
| organ system | 2 or more organs that work together to perform a specific function for the body |
| parts of the integumentary system | skin, accessory organs (hair follicles, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, ceruminous glands, mammary glands |
| thickness for different types of skin | very thick 6 mm (ex, sole of foot) very thin .5 mm (ex, eyelids) average thickness 1.5 mm |
| functions of the integumentary system | protection, regulation of body temperature, prevention of water loss, sensory receptors, synthesis of some chemicals (Vit D), excretion of some waste (sweat), communication and recognition, displays symptoms, allows entry of fat soluble materials |
| 5 layers of epidermis | stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale |
| stratum basale | contains stem cells, contains keratinocytes and melanocytes |
| stratum corneum | dead, keratinized squamous cells |
| keratinocytes | squamous cells that accumulate the protein keratin |
| keratin | non-water-soluble protein that is fibrous, strong and resists water |
| melanocytes | responsible for pigmentation of the skin and hair, stimulated by UV rays, contain stem cells; aging and pregnancy can effect melanocytes; located in stratum basale |
| melanin | primary pigment, dark brown, protective, absorb UV light |
| melanoma | cancer of the skin; forms in the melanocytes, often metastisizes |
| albinos | little or no pigment |
| dermis | thick layer that binds epidermis to underlying tissue |
| epidermis | outermost layer of skin |
| 2 layers of the dermis | papillary layer (areolar connective tissue) reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue) |
| dermal papillae | fingerlike projections of the papillary layer |
| accessory organs contained in the dermis | blood vessels, muscle fibers, sensory receptors, hair follicles, exocrine glands |
| hypodermis | below the dermis, not actually a part of the skin, superficial fascia; anchors the skin to underlying surfaces (mostly muscles) |
| hair follicles | produce hairs |
| nails | heavily keratinized epithelial cells; protection, manipulation |
| exocrine glands | secrete into ducts, then onto epidermal surface; epithelial tissues |
| sebaceous glands | sebum = oil; lubricate the skin, condition surface; active at puberty; often open into hair follicles |
| suderiferous glands | sweat glands |
| eccrine sweat glands | evaporative cooling; forehead, hands, feet, back; triggered by need to cool, stress; secrete mainly water |
| apocrine sweat glands | secrete scented molecules via sweat; active at puberty; associated with hair follicles, hair acts as a wick; armpits, groin; responsible for body odors |
| ceruminous glands | secrete cerumen = wax; in ear canal; modified sweat glands; earwax lubricates and protects the tympanic membrane |
| mammary glands | produce milk in recently delivered females; both men and women have mammary glands |
Created by:
pinklrt98
Popular Biology sets