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Physiology Unit 6
Reporoduction and Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What cell types are found in seminiferous tubules? | Sertoli cells (support spermatogenesis) and germ cells that develop into sperm |
| What is the pathway sperm follow from production to ejaculation? | Testes → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra → Penis |
| Describe the stages of follicle development | Primordial → Primary → Secondary → Mature (Graafian) follicle → Ovulation → Corpus luteum. |
| What triggers ovulation? | A surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| How do estrogen and progesterone levels change during the cycle? | Estrogen rises before ovulation; progesterone rises after ovulation in the luteal phase |
| What structure produces hormones after ovulation? | The corpus luteum |
| What happens to the endometrium if fertilization does not occur? | It breaks down and is shed during menstruation |
| What are the functions of the placenta? | Gas exchange, nutrient delivery, waste removal, and hormone production |
| How is nutrient and gas exchange carried out? | By diffusion and active transport across the placental barrier |
| What hormones are involved in initiating labor? | Oxytocin, prostaglandins, and relaxin |
| What developmental milestones occur in each trimester? | 1st: organ formation; 2nd: growth and fetal movement; 3rd: rapid weight gain, maturation of lungs and brain |
| What happens to female reproductive capacity with age? | Declines with menopause due to decreased estrogen and progesterone production |
| Define allele, genotype, and phenotype | Allele = version of a gene; Genotype = genetic makeup; Phenotype = observable traits. |
| How do you set up a Punnett square? | Place one parent’s alleles across the top, the other’s on the side, then fill in combinations |
| What is a sex-linked trait? | A trait carried on the X or Y chromosome, e.g., color blindness (X-linked) |
| What is nondisjunction? Give an example | Failure of chromosomes to separate properly; e.g., Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) |
| How do you read a pedigree chart? | Squares = males, circles = females, shaded = affected; analyze the inheritance pattern (dominant, recessive, sex-linked) |
| How does LH vs FSH act in males? | LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone; FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to support sperm development |
| What roles do accessory glands play in semen? | Seminal vesicles add fructose, prostate adds enzymes, bulbourethral glands secrete mucus for lubrication. |
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