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Campbell Chapter 8
Campbell Biology Chapter 8 12th edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, managing energy and matter within the cell. |
| Catabolic Pathway | A metabolic pathway that breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy (e.g., cellular respiration). |
| Anabolic Pathway | A metabolic pathway that builds complex molecules from simpler ones, consuming energy (e.g., protein synthesis). |
| Bioenergetics | The study of how energy flows through living organisms. |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy associated with motion; can perform work by moving matter. |
| Potential Energy | Energy that matter possesses due to position or structure. |
| Chemical Energy | Potential energy stored in chemical bonds, available for release in reactions. |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy can be transferred or transformed, but not created or destroyed. |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | Every energy transfer increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe. |
| Entropy | A measure of molecular disorder or randomness. |
| Free Energy (G) | The portion of a system’s energy available to perform work at uniform temperature and pressure. |
| Spontaneous Reaction | A process that occurs without energy input; has a negative ΔG (exergonic). |
| Nonspontaneous Reaction | Requires energy input to proceed; has a positive ΔG (endergonic). |
| ΔG = ΔH - TΔS | Formula for change in free energy, combining enthalpy, temperature, and entropy. |
| Exergonic Reaction | Reaction that releases free energy; ΔG is negative. |
| Endergonic Reaction | Reaction that absorbs free energy; ΔG is positive. |
| Equilibrium | State of maximum stability where ΔG = 0; no work can be done. |
| ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) | The cell’s energy currency composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. |
| ATP Hydrolysis | Exergonic process where ATP → ADP + Pi + energy (ΔG = –7.3 kcal/mol). |
| Energy Coupling | Use of an exergonic reaction (like ATP hydrolysis) to drive an endergonic one. |
| Phosphorylation | The transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule, making it more reactive. |
| Phosphorylated Intermediate | The molecule that receives a phosphate group during energy coupling. |
| ATP Cycle | Continuous regeneration of ATP from ADP and Pi using energy from catabolic reactions. |
| Chemical Work | Pushing of endergonic reactions, such as polymer synthesis. |
| Transport Work | Movement of substances across membranes against concentration gradients. |
| Mechanical Work | Movement of cilia, muscles, or vesicles powered by ATP. |
| Activation Energy (Ea) | The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction. |
| Catalyst | A substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed. |
| Enzyme | A protein catalyst that lowers activation energy and speeds up metabolic reactions. |
| Substrate | The reactant molecule an enzyme acts upon. |
| Active Site | Region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and catalysis occurs. |
| Induced Fit | The enzyme’s active site molds around the substrate to enhance catalysis. |
| Enzyme-Substrate Complex | Temporary complex formed when enzyme binds substrate. |
| Cofactor | Non-protein helper molecule that assists enzyme activity (e.g., metal ions). |
| Coenzyme | An organic cofactor derived from vitamins that aids enzyme function. |
| Competitive Inhibitor | Molecule that competes with the substrate for the enzyme’s active site. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibitor | Binds elsewhere on enzyme, changing its shape and reducing activity. |
| Allosteric Regulation | Enzyme regulation via binding at a site other than the active site, affecting shape and activity. |
| Cooperativity | Binding of one substrate molecule increases the enzyme’s affinity for additional substrates. |
| Feedback Inhibition | End product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step to prevent overproduction. |
| Optimal Temperature | The temperature at which an enzyme’s activity rate is highest. |
| Optimal pH | The pH at which an enzyme functions best (usually 6–8 for most enzymes). |
| Entropy and Life | Cells create local order while increasing total entropy through heat release. |
| Open System | System that exchanges energy and matter with surroundings (organisms are open systems). |
| Closed System | System that cannot exchange energy or matter with surroundings. |
| Thermodynamics | The study of energy transformations in matter. |
| Bioenergetic Flow | Energy enters ecosystems as sunlight and exits as heat. |
| Equilibrium and Death | A cell at metabolic equilibrium is dead; living cells maintain disequilibrium. |
| ATP Energy Use Example | ATP drives muscle contraction, active transport, and polymer synthesis. |
| Glutamine Synthesis Example | ATP drives the conversion of glutamic acid and ammonia into glutamine via phosphorylation. |
| Optimal Conditions Example | Pepsin works best at pH 2 in the stomach; trypsin at pH 8 in the intestine. |
| Feedback Inhibition Example | Isoleucine inhibits threonine deaminase to regulate amino acid synthesis. |
| Thermal Energy | Kinetic energy due to random molecular movement; transferred as heat. |
| Chemical Work Example | Synthesis of a protein from amino acids. |
| Transport Work Example | Sodium-potassium pump moving ions across membranes. |
| Mechanical Work Example | Beating of cilia or muscle contraction. |
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trumoo312
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