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Unit 1
Life, levels of organization, cells, taxonomy, phylogenetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Main features of living things | Complexity and organization (at all levels, from molecules to ecosystems); response to the environment & regulation (in order to maintain organization); energy processing (capture & transformation of energy); reproduction, growth & development; evolution |
| Levels of organization of the biosphere | 1. biosphere (earth); 2. ecosystem (environment + community); 3. community (population + area); 4. population (all members of a species); 5. organism; 6. organ system; 7. organs; 8. tissues; 9. cells; 10. organelles; 11. molecules; 12 atoms |
| Important feature of the levels of organization | they are INCLUSIVE ex. Organ includes tissues, cells, organelles, molecules & atoms |
| 2 important concepts for cells | 1. all living organisms are made of cells; 2. cells are the smallest unit of life |
| Plasma membrane structure & function | phospholipid bilayer; a selective barrier for the exchange of substances between the cell & its environment |
| difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | prokaryotic: lack a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; eukaryotic: larger, more complex, with nucleus & membrane-enclosed organelles |
| features of all prokaryotic cells | cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleoid containing DNA/RNA. additionally, may have: capsule, pilus, plasmid, fimbrae or flagella |
| features of all eukaryotic cells | plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondrion, lysosome, golgi apparatus |
| nucleus structure & function | nuclear envelope (nuclear pores, rough ER), nucleolus, chromatin; houses DNA which controls and regulates all cellular processes |
| ribosomes location, structure & function | found around cell and embedded in rough ER, made of RNA & protein; protein synthesis |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum function | synthesis of lipids (steroids, membrane phospholipids), calcium storage, detoxification (liver) |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum function | synthesis of secretory, lysosomal & membrane proteins |
| golgi apparatus function | modification and packaging of proteins from RER |
| lysosomes function | contain digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes for the breakdown of molecules & particles |
| vesicles & vacuoles function | storage & transport of various molecules |
| mitochondria function | cellular respiration: breakdown of fuels to harvest energy in the form of ATP |
| cytoskeleton function | support and cellular movement (ex. endocytosis) |
| what sets plant cells apart from animal cells? | presence of chloroplasts, cellulose cell wall, plasmodesmata, central vacuole and absence of centrioles |
| chloroplast function | photosynthesis: synthesis of sugars from CO2 using sunlight energy |
| cell wall function | hard, protective case that surrounds plasma membrane. Often present in fungi & prokaryotes |
| central vacuole function | used to store substances. in animals, vacuoles are small and many |
| describe endomembrane system | nuclear envelope, ER & golgi apparatus. Proteins are produced in rough ER. Info is retrieved from DNA & coped by RNA, carried out by proteins thru nuclear envelope. Proteins are packaged in vesicles & travel to the golgi apparatus from smooth ER. |
| 2 word taxonomical naming system | binomial nomenclature for naming an organism: Genus species |
| Taxonomical categories, in order from most to least inclusive | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus species |
| key components of a phylogenetic tree | ancestral lineage (root), node (branch point where lineages diverge; common ancestor), branches, polytomy (3+ branches), basal taxon (1 branch from root), terminal nodes (taxons), sister taxa (only 2 species w recent common ancestor) |
| what does a polytomy represent? | an unresolved pattern of divergence; we haven't figured out how all of the taxons are related |
| what do nodes represent? | a common ancestor where lineages have diverged and formed a new species (every species is a new node, except basal) |
| what is the difference between an organelle and an organ? | organelle: component of a cell that is made of molecules and atoms; performs functions to maintain the cell. organ: made of tissues, cells, organelles, molecules and atoms; belongs to organ system(s) that constitute an organism. |
| what is the difference between a population and a community? | population: individuals of a specific species living in one area; community: includes all of the sets of populations & species in a particular area |
| what is the difference between a community and an ecosystem? | community: organisms living in an area & interactions between each other; ecosystem: all living things in an area & the physical environment they are interacting with |
| difference between prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells in reference to: size, structural complexity, presence of organelles, structure that houses genetic materials, types of organisms where each cell is present | prokaryotic: small, simple, no organelles, no nucleus (genetic material in cytoplasm), single-celled microorganisms - bacteria & archaea; eukaryotic: big, complex, has organelles, has nucleus, all other forms of life - protists, plants, animals, fungi |
| difference between bacterial cell walls & plant cell walls? | bacterial cell walls have a second layer: capsule that is thicker & tougher, providing further protection |
| how are chloroplasts and mitochondria similar? | both use synthesizing processes that break down fuel and create energy |
| what is a clade? | group of organisms that descended from a singular common ancestor. varies in size depending on the node it focuses on. |
| how does the positioning of phylogenetic nodes matter or not, in terms of rotation and closeness to left? | the rotation of branches does not matter. if one node is closer to the left than another, the lineage of the leftmost node diverged before the one farther right. |
Created by:
AntBanana
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