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Bruce C Ch.3/exam 1

Chapter 3 bio for exam 1

QuestionAnswer
Four categories of biological macromolecules 1. carbohydrates 2. nucleic acids 3. proteins 4. lipids
Biological molecules consist primarily of: (2) 1. Carbon bonded to carbon 2. Carbon bonded to other atom
Carbon can form up to __ # covalent bonds 4
Carbon may be bonded to ________ with specific properties Functional groups
Biological molecules are typically 1. Large molecules 2. Constructed from smaller subunits
Macromolecules Large molecules
Monomer: single subunit (mono =1: -mer = unit)
Polymer: many units (poly = many)
Proteins: polymers of amino acids
Lipids: polymers of fatty acids
Nucleic acids: polymers of nucleotides
Complex carbs: polymer of monosaccharides
Dehydration synthesis formation of macromolecules by the removal of water (monomers are joined to form polymers)
Hydrolysis breakdown of macromolecules by the addition of water (polymers are broken down to monomers)
Carbohydrates : ratio of what? 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Glucose: A monosaccharide containing six carbons that is very important in energy storage
Fructose a structural isomer of glucose
galactose a stereoisomer of glucose
Disaccharides 2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis -used for sugar transport or energy storage
Polysaccharides Long chains of monosaccharides, linked through dehyrdration synthesis
Polysaccharides used at energy storage
Animals use ____ for energy glycogen
Plants use ______ for energy Cellulose
Arthropods and fungie use ____ for energy chitin
Polysccharides long chains of sugars
polysaccharides are used for ___ energy storage
Polysaccharides Long chains of sugars
Used for _____ Structural support
Plants use____ and animals use _____ for polysaccharides cellulose, chitin
Nucleic acids polymers of nucleotides
Nucleotides = sugar+phosphate+nitrogen base
DNA and RNA specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic information
Deoxyribose in DNA
Ribose in RNA
Nad+ and FAD electron carriers for many cellular reactions
ATP adenosine triphosphate
ATP is used as The primary energy currency of the cell
Proteins are polymers of Amino Acids
proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by Dehdration synthesis
peptide bonds form between adjacent amino acids
a protein's function depends on its structure and shape
A proteins shape depends on the Sequence of amino acids
Primary structure the sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure local folding of the chain into common shapes-primarily due to hydrogen bonds
Tertiary Structure the folding of the chain
Hydrophobic effect made in cells with water, so the nonpolar side chains turned inward
Disulfide Bonds cystine-cystine
Lipids group of molecules that are insoluble in water and soluble in lipids
Two main categories of lipids Fats, phospholipids
Funtions 1. fuel storage 2. insulation 3. biological barriers 4. biological signals
Triglycerides composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Fatty acids Fatty acids Need not be identical Chain length varies Saturated – no double bonds between carbon atoms Higher melting point, animal origin Unsaturated – 1 or more double bonds Low melting point, plant origin Trans fats produced industrially
Phospholipids a phosphate group composed of glycerol 2 fatty acids
Micelles lipid molecules orient with polar head toward water and non polar tails away from water
Phospholipid bilayer more complicated structure where 2 layers form
Hydrophilic heads point outward
hydrophobic tails point inward towards each other
Created by: bridgetannd
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