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Biology ch.1-3
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Are viruses alive? what property of life do they not exhibit? | Yes, and they have no cells |
| most energy cycled through living things is lost in what form? | heat |
| three bodily properties that living things struggle to control in order to maintain homeostasis | internal temp, blood pH, and blood sugar |
| example of a producer, consumer, decomposer | plant, animals, fungi |
| big advantage of sexual reproduction? why not just asexual reproduction? | sexual reproduction allows for diversity. natural selection will leave the best alive and create a stronger species |
| crucial indicator that evolution was a success? | chemical and cellular similarity among organisms shows that have in common with ancestral type |
| how is natural selection different from artificial selection? give example of each | natural selection: is when nature decides, artificial is when breeding animals |
| b/w natural selection and mutation, which occurs more randomly? | natural selection |
| what are the three domains and six kingdoms of life? | bacteria=1, archaea=1, and eukarya=4 |
| main taxonomic groups form most to least inclusive? | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| difference between an discovery-based and an experimental one? | discovery-based is when something is just observed, an experiment is when a hypothesis is tested |
| can you prove a hypothesis? | yes |
| explain: independent, dependent, and standardized variable? | manipulated: how much fertilizer, result: how many tomatoes, placebo: no fertilizer |
| four primary elements that are necessary for life? | pure oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen |
| how to find atomic number and mass from drawing? | atomic number: # of protons and mass: protons + neutrons |
| What is the Octet rule? how does rule relate to an atom's electronegativity? | all atoms want 8 electrons (2 for hydrogen). depending on an atom is to having full outer shell determines how reactive and what bonds will form with the atom |
| explain hydrogen bonding? In molecule was it first observed? | opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules (water) |
| difference b/w ionic and covalent bond? | ionic: electrical attraction b/w 2 ions with opposite charges. covalent: forms when 2 atoms share electrons |
| example of polar and non-polar covalent bonds? | polar: battery or methane. non-polar: carbon-hydrogen bond or salt |
| what makes carbon so special when it comes to bonding? | has 4 valences so it easily bonds to self and others |
| why cohesion is important? | to stick together: allows water to evaporate |
| why adhesion is important? | form hydrogen bonds with other substances, defies gravity |
| why ability to dissolve many substances is important? | ions still remain |
| why polar nature of H-O bond in water is important? | polar solvents dissolve polar molecules |
| why the fact that it is at most dense state at 4 degrees celsius? | a lot of heat required to evaporate, benefits aquatic organisms and ice retains heat |
| what types of molecules dissolve in water? why? | "like dissolves like" |
| what does hydrophilic and hydrophobic mean? | water-loving and water-fearing |
| what exactly is pH? what is the ion that defines it? | level of acidity in an acid or base and hydrogen ions |
| define and acid and a base? | acid: chemical that adds H+ to solution making concentration of H+ exceed OH- bonds. Base: opposite of acid makes OH- exceed H+ |
| what is a buffer? what use to living things? | pairs of weak acids and bases that resist pH changes. maintain homeostasis for living things |
| what are the primary types of organic molecules that make up living things? | carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| what bonding process using water joins monomers into polymers in organic molecules? What process breaks it back down in reverse? | dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis |
| define a carb and give an example | organic molecule that consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
| energy storage molecule for animals? for plants? | glycogen, starch |
| three groups of lipids discussed? | triglycerides, sterols, waxes |
| what structural features identify fats and sterols? | acid tails, and 4 interconnected carbon rings |
| difference b/w saturated and unsaturated fats? what about trans fats? | saturated: single bond. unsaturated: one or more double/triple bonds. Trans fat: fatty acids |
| what is a wax? where do we find them in nature? | fatty acids, combined w/ either alcohol or hydrocarbons. found in beeswax, leaves, gland of birds |
| what are the building blocks of proteins? | hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, acid amino group, side chain/ R group |
| what is the process that joins proteins together? name the bond that is formed | peptide bond: covalent bond that links. polypeptide |
| what are nucleic acids? what are the building units of these molecules? | a polymer consisting of monomers called nucleotides. building units= five carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base |
| what are two examples of nucleic acids and what do they do? what type of bonding holds the two strands of DNA together? | deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic to join and create a double helix, hydrogen bond |
| three main parts of Schleiden and Swann's Cell Theory | 1. made of one or more cells 2. cell fundamental unit of life 3. cells come from preexisting cells |
| what features are common to all cells? | cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and proteins |
| what limits the size an individual cell may reach? | surface-to-volume ratio |
| what is the structure of a cell membrane? what molecules make it up and in what configuration? | composed of phospholopids/ 3 carbon glyercol molecule. phospholipid bilayers, sterols, proteins, and other molecules, and laterally |
| What protein types are associated with the cell membrane? What do each of them do? | transport proteins: create passageways to move soluble water in/out of cell. enzymes: facilitate chemical reactions, alter size to speed reaction. recognition: name tags to help recognize own body's cells. adhesion: cells to stick together receptor: trire |
| How does a message from the exterior of a cell reach its interior? | signal transduction |
| in which of the three domains of organisms are prokaryotes and eukaryotes found? | bacteria and archaea: prokaryotes and eukarya for eukaryotes |
| which are most closely related to eukaryotes, bacteria or archaea? | archaea |
| what good is an organelle? what advantage might they have over cellular operations in prokaryotes like the bacteria and the archaeans? | carry out work of the cell, provide surface area. advantage: can produce, package, and release complex mixtures of chemicals, such as milk |
| function of nucleus? | DNA=specifying "recipe" for every protein to make, assembles ribosomes |
| function of Rough ER? | closest to nucleus w/ ribosomes to fold and modify proteins that enter |
| function of Smooth ER? | synthesizes lipids, w/o ribosomes |
| function of Golgi apparatus? | processing center to become functional |
| function of chloroplast? | site of photosynthesis |
| function of mitochondria? | cellular respiration extracts energy from food |
| function of lysosome? | contains enzymes that lyse substrates |
| function of peroxisome? | dispose of toxic substances |
| function of vacuole? | found in plants, enzymes degrade/recycle materials |
| what are the three types of tubules in the cytoskeleton? what type of proteins are each made of, what do they do in a cell? | Microtubule: tublin proteins: forms hollow tubes, trackway within cells MIcrofilaments: actin proteins: machinery to move Intermediate filaments: many diff. proteins: internal scaffold for cells, to resist mechanical stress and to maintain cell's shape |
| how to plant cells communicate with each other? | plasmodesmata: pores that connect adjacent cells |
| whats the main structural cell wall component in bacteria? in plants? in fungi? | peptidoglycan, cellulose, chitin |
| what are the three types of animal cell junctions? what do each of them do? | 1. tight junctions: form barriers 2. anchoring/adhering junctions: connect cells by linking intermediate filaments 3. gap junctions: link cytoplasm of adjacent cells |
Created by:
lex16
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