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Cell Divsion Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does totipotent mean? | Can be specialized into ANY TYPE of cell |
| What does pluripotent mean? | Can be SEVERAL type of cells |
| what does multipotent mean? | Can be a FEW types of cells that are closely related |
| What does unipotent mean? | can only ONE type of cell |
| What are the uses of stem cells? | Organ transplants, research, to test medicine |
| How can differentiate stem cells? | You can control their developmental factors in a labortory |
| What does cell differentiation mean? | to create specialized cells ---- ex-liver cells, heart cells |
| What is gene activation? | Some genes are activated causing to specialize |
| What is a stem cell? | an undifferentiated cell/ has potential to become any cell |
| What is a embryonic stem cell? | pluripotent cell/ not specialized |
| What is an adult stem cell? | found in bone marrow- can make stem cells |
| What are uses of adult cells? | Organ transplants, research, to test medicine, to correct parts of organs |
| Explain the process of cell division and progression | Cells---Tissue--Organs--Organ systems--Organsims |
| Name 2 stem cell uses | Medicine testing and organ transplants |
| Why do cells divide? | to replace old and damaged cells |
| What is the shape of a chromosome in a prokaryotic cell? | Circular shapes |
| What is a centromere? | It connects the 2 sister chromatids |
| What is a duplicated chromosome called? | Chromatids-Sister chromatids |
| How many pairs of chromosomes are in a human? | 23 pairs(46) |
| What is the shape of chromosomes in Eukaryotic cells? | They are linear |
| What is a parent cell? | a cell abt to divide |
| What is the copy of a parent cell called? | Identical daughter cells |
| What is binary fission? | Binary fission is cell division in pro. cells |
| How many stages are in Euk. cell cycle? | 5 |
| What is the 1st stage of cell cycle called? | Interphase |
| How many ministages are in interphase? | 3 |
| What are the 3 stages of interphase? | G1, S, G2 |
| What is mitosis? | division of the nucleus, 4 stages |
| What are the 4 stages of mitosis? | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| What is a diploid? | a cell with 2 copies |
| What phase is the cell mostly in? | Interphase |
| What is the purpose of interphase? | to develop a cell for mitosis/division |
| What is the purpose of the G1 stage? | to grow and develop for division--x2s organelles, make proteins |
| What is the purpose of the G2 stage? | secondary growth--backup |
| What is the purpose of the S stage? | DNA synthesis; DNA replication |
| What is the purpose of prophase? | Chrome. condense--can start to see them under a microscope--nuclear envelope starts to decay |
| What is the purpose of metaphase? | Chrome. move to middle--spindles form-- |
| What is the purpose of anaphase? | Chrome. split in 1/2 |
| What is the purpose of telephase? | Spindle fibers break/decay--nuc. envelope develops--starts cytokinesis |
| What is cystokensis? | the division of cyptoplasm |
| How does cytokinesis work in plant cells? | builds a cell wall/ cell plate |
| How does cytokinesis work in animal cells? | Cleavage furrow-- nuclear envelope starts to develop |
| What is a centriole? | organelles used for metaphase--attaches to spindle fibers and is in centrosomes |
| What is a centrosome? | organelles that make spindle fibers |
| What happens to oncogenes? | Proto-Oncogene goes unchecked/ no brakes |
| What are treatments of cancer? | radiation & chemo |
| What are oncogenes? | when mutated can cause cancer |
| How is the cell cycle regulated? | Chemical signals(internal/external) and checkpoints |
| What are the 2 types of chemical signals? | internal/ external |
| What happens when cell division becomes uncontrolled? | it causes cancer/ excess growths |
| What is a internal signal? | enzymes in the cell tell cells when to divdide |
| what is an external signal? | a chemical is "sensed" by the cell which tells the cell to grow/slow, compactness of cells |
| What are cancer cells? | cells with uncontrolled cell division |
| What are the 2 tumor types? | benign and malignant |
| What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors? | Benign is local vs malignant which spreads |
| What is apoptosis? | cells self destruct |
| What is dangerous about cancer cells? | use resources but don't produce |
| What else is dangerous about cancer cells? | It can apply pressure on organs |
| What can cause cancer cells? | mutated cells that made it through checkpoints |
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