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BIO 80A
Gyno and physio
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Physiology | The study of how a human body functions |
| Gynecology | Women's health |
| Cell | The smallest independent unit of an organism. Can make and secrete chemical messages. |
| Tissue | Similar cells, together they form organs. |
| Organ | Organs work together in organ systems. |
| Organ System | Carry out physiological functions |
| Cell Membrane | Contains the contents of a cell |
| Embryo | A developed zygote, product of fertilization of a sperm and egg. |
| Fertilization | When a haploid sperm and a haploid egg fuse together to form the zygote |
| Gamete | A haploid sperm or egg cell. (gendered) |
| Cell Division | Mitosis or meiosis |
| Cell Differentiation | Stem cells express specific sets of genes which will commit them to a pathway that determines their cell type. |
| Endocrine System | Cells secrete hormones that travel through the bloodstream to target cells/tissues/organs to affect some kind of a response. (eg. insulin) |
| Nervous System | Neurons use electric and chemical mechanisms to relay info throughout the body that allows for response control in cells/tissues/organs. |
| Uterus | Serves as the womb for a developing fetus, sheds with the menstrual cycle. |
| Uterine Tube/Fallopian Tube/Oviduct | Ovulated eggs travel through them to reach the inside of the uterus during the menstrual cycle. |
| Frimbiae | Finger-like projections at the ends of the fallopian tubes. |
| Ovary | At the end of the fallopian tubes, mature and release an egg into the fallopian tubes each month. Produce hormones. |
| Cervix | The bottom of the uterus that can open/dilate but typically remains closed (though sperm can get through), serves as the top of the vagina. |
| Vagina | Muscular canal lined with mucosal membrane that connects the vaginal opening to the cervix. |
| Clitoris | At the top of the labia minora; very sensitive, erectile tissue that's stimulated during sex. Analogous to the male penis. |
| Labia Minora | Internal to the majora, covers the urethral and vaginal opening, more delicate tissue. |
| Labia Majora | Covers labia minora and other internal structures, contains sweat and oil-secreting glands. Analogous to the male scrotum. |
| Urethral Opening | Where we pee from |
| Vaginal Opening | Menstrual flow and sex |
| Broad Ligament | Sheath of connective tissue that provides structural support for the ovaries and fallopian tubes. |
| Oocyte | A germ cell in an ovary. Diploid. |
| Vaginal Microenvironment | Abundance of glycogen and mucus as nutrients. Low pH (acidic), cellular immunity, and flexible hormonal signaling. |
| UTI (Urinary Tract Infection, 50-60% women) | Bacterial (often spread from the rectum), urinary frequency and pain, can resolve but often treated with antibiotics. |
| Yeast Infections (70% women) | Fungal, itching and burning, cottage cheese discharge, cured with antifungal. |
| Bacterial Vaginosis (35% of women) | Caused by and overgrowth of vaginal flora (bacteria), smelling, burning, discolored discharge. Antibiotics. |
| Seminal Vesicle | Secretes 80% of the fluid found in semen, including fructose which gives sperm energy. |
| Ejaculatory Duct | Passageway for secretions from prostate and seminal vesicle, to meet with sperm and form complete semen. Connects with the urethra. |
| Prostate Gland | Adds additional fluid to the semen, helps nourish sperm. |
| Vas Deferens | Muscular tube that travels from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct to deliver sperm as part of the semen. |
| Epididymis | Site where sperm produced in the testes mature before entering the vas deferens/semen. |
| Testis | Makes sperm and testosterone. |
| Seminiferous Tubules | Develop sperm in testicle before going to the epididymis. |
| Penis | Male organ for sexual intercourse, delivers urine and semen, highly sensitive erectile tissue. |
| Mitosis | Cell division where the two resulting cells inherit identical and complete genomes, there are 2 diploid cells. |
| Meiosis | The four resulting cells divide twice, there are 4 haploid cells. |
| Diploid Genome | Have a pair (two copies) of each chromosome. One maternal one paternal. |
| Haploid Genome | Carry only one copy of each chromosome in their complete set. |
| Germ Cell | Gamete, haploid sperm or egg cell. |
| Folliculogenesis | The process where oocytes grow and develop in the ovarian follicles. |
| Ovarian Follicles | A small, fluid-filled sac within the ovary that contains an immature egg (oocyte). Protects, nourishes, and releases the egg. |
| Oogenesis | The production of eggs |
| Oogonia | Female germ cells. 1-2million by birth. |
| Primary Oocyte | Diploid cell, divides once. |
| Secondary Oocyte | Where most of the cytoplasm and organelles go after the first meiotic division. |
| Corpus Luteum | Empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell |
| Spermatogenesis | The production of sperm |
| Spermatogonia/gonium | Male germ cells |
| Sertoli Cells | Support and nourish developing sperm. |
| Interstitial Cells of Leydig | Produce testosterone |
| Zygote | Haploid sperm and egg fused together |
| Zona Pellucida | Protective layer of the egg |
| Acrosome | Digestive enzymes at the tip of the sperm that breaks down the zona pellucida |
| Flagella | Tail on the sperm to help it swim fast |
| Acrosomal Reaction | When the sperm gets through the zona pellucida |
| Cleavage | When the zygote undergoes rapid cell division |
| Blastula | around the 100 cell stage of zygote (day 5-7) |
| Gastrula | an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three layers of cells. |
| Inner Cell Mass | The mass of cells in the blastocyst that ultimately give rise to the embryo and other embryonic structues (the amion, the umbilical vessels, etc.) |
| Trophoblast | outer layer of blastocyst |
| Blastocyst | hollow ball of cells |
| Germ Layer | one of the three cell layers present in an embryo |
| Endoderm | Internal germ layer, lung, thyroid, and digestive cells. |
| Mesoderm | Middle germ layer, muscle, kidney, gut, and red blood cells. |
| Ectoderm | External germ layer, skin and pigment cells, neuron on brain. |
| Embryonic Stem Cells | Derived from endoderm, differentiate into specialized cell types. |
| Organogenesis | The process through which organs form from the germ layers' differentiation |
| Intersex | possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes |
| Primordial Gonads | The genital ridges that develop into ovaries or testes |
| Bipotential | in embryos the same cells can be male or female |
| SRY Gene | Sex Determining Region of the Y chromosome (male chromosome) |
| Hypothalamus | brain region under the thalamus controlling the pituitary gland |
| Anterior Pituitary | Produces and secretes hormones |
| Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Gland (H-P-G) Axis | Endocrine tissues that promotes maturation of the reproductive systems and development of secondary sex characteristics |
| Secondary Sex Characteristics | The development of physical non reproductive sexual characteristics |
| Menarche | The first menstrual period |
| Ovarian Cycle | What's going on in the ovaries/eggs |
| Uterine Cycle | What's going on with the uterine lining |
| GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone) | Produced by the hypothalamus, signals the anterior pituitary gland to produce the gonadotropins FSH and LH. |
| FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) | Produced by the anterior pituitary, stimulates growth of ovarian follicles, particularly important during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle |
| LH (Luteinizing Hormone) | Produced by the anterior pituitary, stimulates ovarian cells and follicles to produce estrogen; 'LH surge' triggers ovulation. |
| Estrogen | Produced by ovarian cells and follicles, contributes to the maturation of the follicle, and growth of the endometrium during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle. |
| Progesterone | Produced by the corpus luteum after ovulation, contributes to the maintenance and enrichment of the endometrium during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. |
| Endometrium | The lining in the interior surface of the uterus rich in blood vessels that grows and thickens during the uterine cycle. |
| Myometrium | Thick muscular wall of the uterus |
| Follicular Phase | The first phase of the ovarian cycle, the follicle grows |
| Ovulation | The mature egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube, peak in LH and FSH |
| Fraternal Twins | When more than one egg is fertilized |
| Spinnbarkeit | Discharge during ovulation, abundant, clear, and stretchy |
| Mittelschmerz | When one can feel the act of ovulation |
| Luteal Phase | The third phase of the ovarian cycle, when the corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone |
| Menses Phase (Uterine Cycle) | Menstrual flow, triggered by drop in estrogen and progesterone (if no implant has occured) |
| Proliferative Phase (Uterine Cycle) | Endometrium rebuilds in response to increasing estrogen |
| Secretory Phase (Uterine Cycle) | Estrogen and progesterone prepare the endometrium for implantation; secreting a fluid rich in glycogen |
| Prostaglandins | Hormones that cause smooth muscle (myometrium) contractions, cramps. |
| Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) | Physical/emotional changes occurring consistently before/after menstruation. Caused by cyclical changes in hormones and neurochemical changes in the brain. |
| Premenstrual Dysmorphic Disorder (PMDD) | Intense emotional reactions due to hormone fluctuations and serotonin levels. Birth control and SSRIs as treatments. Intense emotional reactions due to hormone fluctuations and serotonin levels. Birth control and SSRIs as treatments. |
| Amennorhea | Absence of a period. |
| Oligomenorrhea | Infrequent periods |
| Menorrhagia | Excessive menstrual bleeding |
| Metrorrhagia | Abnormal bleeding (between periods) |
| Menometrorrhagia | rapid flow of blood from the uterus at menstruation (and between menstrual cycles) |
| Dysmenorrhea | Painful periods |
| Ovarian Cysts | benign fluid-filled sacs on the ovary. Causes dysmenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, bloating, sex pain. If ruptured, emergency. Caused by abnormal cell reproduction. Monitored then laparoscopic removal or birth control. |
| Polycistic Ovarian Disease Syndrome (PCOS) | Hormonal imbalance caused by ovaries producing excess androgens. Irregular periods and infertility, hyperandrogenism, polycistic ovaries. Excess body hair, acne, baldness, skin tags, obesity, infertility. Treated with insulin, birth control, managing weig |
| Androgens | male sex hormones, especially testosterone |
| Fibroids | Benign tumor in myometrium. Excessive bleeding dysmenorrhea, bloating, sex pain. Hormonally driven (not having kids?!). Surgically treated (myomectomy/hysterectomy), birth control, NSAIDs. |
| Endometriosis | Endometrial cells grow outside of the uterus (on ovaries/tubes surface). Dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, infertility, retrograde flow. |
| Retrograde Flow | a backward or reversed flow of fluid or cells |
| Laparoscopic Surgery | Minimally invasive, small incisions to perform abdominal/pelvic operations. |
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