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Kingdom Animalia
hpoefully mroe than 50% on the midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Porifera (main characteristics) + examples | Multicelluar with no tissues (but some specialized cells), asymmetrical (most), sessile, suspension feeders example: sponges |
| Cnidaria (main characteristics) + examples | 2 tissue layers (including contractile + nerve tissues), radial symmetry, no organs!, polyp + medusa forms, gastrovacular cavity (gut w/ 1 opening), Cnidocytes (specialized stinging cells) w/nematocysts examples: jellyfish, sea anemone |
| Platyhelminthes (main characteristics) + examples | Bilateral symmetry, acelomate, flattened body, organ systems, gastrovacular cavity, free living or parasites examples: flatworms :3 planaria :3 tapeworms |
| Rotifera (main characteristics) + examples | microscopic, pseudomate, aquatic, organ systems, bilateral symmetry, complete digestive system |
| Annelida (main characteristics) + examples | segmented body, closed circulatory system, coelomate, organ systems, bilateral symmetry, complete digestive system, hydrostatic skeleton examples: leech, earthworm |
| Mollusca (main characteristics) + examples | soft bodies (has a foot, visceral mass, mantle and generally a shell), coelomates, organ systems, bilateral symmerty, complete digestive, open circulatory system (except cephalopods) examples: snail, sea slug, octopus, scallop |
| Nematoda (main characteristics) + examples | Cylindrical body, pseudocoelomate, bilateral symmetry, complete digestive system, free living or parasites, exoskeleton that sheds examples: roundworms |
| Arthropoda (main characteristics) + examples | chitinous exoskeleton, versitile jointed apendages, segmentation, highly developed sensory organs, tracheal respiratory system, metamorphosis, complete digestive system, ceolomate, open circulatory system examples: arachnids, crustaceans, insects |
| Echinodermata (main characteristics) + examples | radial symmetry in adults, bilateral symmetry in larvae, calcareous endoskeleton, water vascular system, complete digestive system, coelomates, deuterstomes examples: sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumber |
| Defining traits of Kingdom Animalia | Multicelluar eukaryotes, heterotrophic, ingestive nutrition, all have motile sperm, lack cell walls |
| Radial vs. Bilateral symmetry | Radial: typically sessile organisms, divided on multiple (4, 5, 6, 8, 10 etc.) planes of symmetry Bilateral: allows better movement, cephalization, divided on 2 planes of symmetry |
| Diploblastic | Only 2 germ layers (endo and ectoderm) ex. cnidaria |
| Triploblastic | 3 germ layers. (endoderm, mesoderm + ectoderm) Allows for more complex organs and systems! |
| Coelomate (definition) | fluid-filled body cavity completly lined by mesoderm tissue. (allows for more complex organ systems, better circulation + support) |
| Pseudocoelomate (definition) | fluid-filled body cavity NOT completly lined by mesoderm (more for structural support) |
| Acoelomates (definition) | no body cavity (ex. platyhelminthes) |
| Chordata (main characteristics) + examples | Notochord (rod-like struture providing support/structure in embryonic stages of development), dorsal, hollow nerve cord, muscular, post anal tail, pharyngeal slits/clefts (for filter feeding/respiration) |
| Common ancestor of living animals? | a colonial heterotrophic flagellated protist |
| What is the oldest living lineage of vertebrates? | Jawless fish. They have a cartilaginous skeleton + most are fish parasites, feeding with their suction cup mouth. |
| Petromyzonontida (main characteristics) + examples | jawless fish! skull but no jaw, cartilaginous skeleton, aquatic, small brain, most are fish parasites ex. lamprey |
| Chondrichthyans (main characteristics) + examples | skull + jaws, cartilaginous skeleton, tooth-like scales, aquatic, acute senses ex, sharks (predators) rays (bottom dwellers) |
| Actinopterygii (main characteristics) + examples | ray finned fish! bony skeleton, opercalum (protective flap over gills), swim bladder, aquatic, flat scales ex. clownfish, sea horse, moray eel |
| Lobefin fish | rod-shaped bones in their pectoral + pelvic fins surrounded by a layer of muscle (help them transition on to land) |
| Lungfish | air breathing lobefin fish |
| Tetrapod traits (4) | 4 limbs with digits, neck, lung breathing, double circulation |
| Amphibians (main characteristics) + examples | Metamorphosis (aquatic tadpole, semi-terrestrial adult), smooth + moist skin for has exchange, 3 chambered heart, ectotherms |
| Amniotic Egg | reptiles, birds + mammals all have it. Waterproof egg with a shell that prevents it from drying out and lets the embry develop inside |
| Non-avain reptiles (main characteristics) | exclusive lung breathing, scaly keratinized skin, amniotic egg w/ leathery shell, 3 chambered heart (croc. 4) ectotherms |
| Birds (main characteristics) | forelimbs modified as wings, skin with feathers, amniotic egg with calcified shell, 4 chambered heart, endotherms |
| Mammals (main characteristics) | mammary (milk) glands, hairy skin, differntiated teeth, largeest brains, 4 chambered heart, endotherms |
| 3 lineages of mammals | Monotremes: egg laying, no nipples, cloaca (ex. platypus) Marsupials: pouch for young to nurse while it completes embryonic development (ex. kangaroo) Eutherians: placental, embryos complete development within the uterus |
| protostome vs deuterostome | Protostome: mouth deveops first from blastospore Deuterostome: anus deveops first from blastospore (just echinodermata + chordata) |
| Amniotic egg componets | yolk sac: contains nutrients chorian: facilitates gas exchange allantois: disposal sac amnion: contains amniotic fluid to cushion egg |
| Animals phylogenetic location + closest relative | Domain Eukarya, supergroup Unikonta, related to nucleariids + fungi. Choanoflagellates are sister taxa |
| Why are sponges not in the clade Eumetazoa? | They lack true tissues |
| What are the 2 variations of body plans in cnidaria? | Medusa: mobile (blows water out of center cavity) bell shaped Polyp: sessile, tube/cylinder shaped with mouth + tentacles |
| Why are the Arthropoda regarded as the most successful animal phylum? | very diverse + have adapted to live in many differnt enviroments in land/water/air. have an exoskeleton, jointed apendages + highly developed sensory organs |
| What type of symmetry do echinoderms exhibit? Why are they in the clade bilateria? | Radial symmetry as adults + bilateral as larvae. They are in the clade bilateria becuase they have bilateral symmestry as they develop, pointing towards bilateral ancestors |
| Chondrichthyans vs Osteichthyes | Chondrichthyans have a cartilaginous skeleton + no operculum Osteichthyes have a boney skeleton + an operculum |
| Osteichthyes | Bony fish, includes Actinopterygii + lobefin fish |
| Vertebrates (list all) | Petromyzonontida, Chondrichthyans, Osteichthyes, Amphibians, Non-avain reptiles, birds + mammals |
| What features limit amphibians to aquatic habitats? | Amphibian's skin must stay smooth + moist for gas exchange. Thier reproductive cycle is also tied to water becuase their eggs need moisture to survive. (do not have ambiotic eggs) |
| Ray-finned vs lobefin fish | Ray finned fish have rays of thin bones in their fins. Lobefin fish have a central bone for more movement/support |
| What adaptions do amniotes show to life on land? | Amniotic egg to prevent egg from dehydration and protection. Lung breathing + water resistant skin (scales/fur/feathers) |
| What distinguishes birds from other reptiles? | Birds: feathers, endotherms, calcified shell, 4 chambered heart Reptiles: scaly keratinized skin, ectoterms, leathery shell, 3 chambered heart |
Created by:
AntBanana
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