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Sencion, Aidee
Anatomy week 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Wallenda Effect (Wallenda Model) and how does it apply to nursing practice? | The Wallenda Effect—named after tightrope walker Karl Wallenda—explains how focusing on not failing can actually cause failure. |
| What are the main organs and function of the Integumentary System? | Organs: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands Function: Protects body, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and senses touch. |
| What are the main organs and function of the Skeletal System? | Organs: Bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments Function: Supports body, protects organs, enables movement, stores minerals, makes blood cells. |
| What are the main organs and function of the Muscular System? | Organs: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles Function: Produces movement, maintains posture, and generates heat. |
| What are the main organs and function of the Nervous System? | Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs Function: Controls and coordinates body functions; processes sensory input and initiates responses. |
| What are the main organs and function of the Endocrine System? | Organs: Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads Function: Secretes hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and reproduction. |
| What are the main organs and function of the Cardiovascular System? | Organs: Heart, blood, blood vessels Function: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout the body. |
| What are the main organs and function of the Lymphatic (Immune) System? | Organs: Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils Function: Returns fluid to blood, filters pathogens, and fights infections. |
| What are the main organs and function of the Digestive System? | Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas Function: Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid waste. |
| What are the main organs and function of the Respiratory System? | Organs: Nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs Function: Brings oxygen in and removes carbon dioxide. |
| What are the main organs and function of the Urinary System? | Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Function: Filters blood, removes waste, regulates water and electrolytes. |
| What are the main organs and function of the Reproductive System? | Male: Testes, vas deferens, penis Female: Ovaries, uterus, vagina Function: Produces sex cells and hormones; supports reproduction and fetal development. |
| What are the levels of organization in the human body (from simplest to most complex)? | Chemical: Atoms/molecules Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism: The human being as a whole. |
| Microbial Systems | Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoa Archaea Algae (in some systems) |
| Major Tissue Types | Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue |
| oxygen | A colorless, odorless gas essential for life. It makes up about 21% of Earth’s atmosphere and is needed by cells to produce energy through cellular respiration. |
| What is the main function of oxygen in the body? | Oxygen is used by mitochondria in cells to make ATP (energy) during aerobic respiration. It supports metabolism and normal organ function. |
| What is the electrical attraction between two bonds or atoms called? | The electrical attraction between two atoms is called a chemical bond. |
| Electrical attraction = bond formation. | Ionic bond Covalent bond Hydrogen bond |
| What is a cell? | The basic structural and functional unit of life. All living things are made of cells, which carry out essential processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. |
| What are the main parts of a cell? | Plasma membrane – outer boundary Cytoplasm – fluid inside the cell Nucleus – control center that contains DNA |
| What is a direct cell connection? | A direct cell connection refers to a physical link between neighboring cells that allows communication, exchange of materials, or structural support. These connections help cells work together in tissues and organs. |
| Examples of direct cell connection? | Tight junctions: Seal cells 2gether to pvent gut leaks Desmosomes: Anchor cells together for strength Gap junctions: Tiny channels that allow ions and molecules to pass directly between cells for communication (cardiac muscle). Plasmodesmata (plants) |
| MATRIX | The matrix (also called the extracellular matrix) is the material found outside of cells that provides support, structure, and communication between them. |
| What are the four major types of human tissues? | Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue |
| What are the three primary germ layers formed during embryonic development? | Ectoderm:outer (skin/nerve) Mesoderm:middle (muscle/bone) Endoderm:inner (organs/linings) |
| Extracellular Matrix(ECM)? | “glue and framework” that keeps tissues organized and functioning properly. |
| What are the main components of the extracellular matrix? 1/2 | Ground substance – Gel-like fluid made of water, ions, and molecules like glycoproteins and proteoglycans. |
| What are the main components of the extracellular matrix? 2/2 | Protein fibers: Collagen: Strength and structure Elastin: Flexibility Reticular fibers: Support and framework |
| What is COLLAGEN? | Collagen = “strength and structure.” It’s like the body’s biological scaffolding, keeping tissues strong and connected. |
| What are the main types of collagen? | Type I: Bone, skin, tendons — strongest and most common Type II: Cartilage and eyes Type III: Skin, muscles, and blood vessels Type IV: Basement membranes (support epithelial tissue) |
| ELASTIN | Elastin = “stretch and snap back.” It keeps skin, arteries, and organs flexible yet strong. |
| What are glycoproteins and proteoglycans? | complex molecules found in the (ECM) that help cells attach, communicate, and stay organized. Glycoproteins "glue” (cell attachment) Proteoglycans = “Padding” (hydration and cushioning) |
| Endocrine glands | Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (no ducts). |
| What are exocrine glands | Exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts onto body surfaces or into body cavities. Their products include sweat, saliva, enzymes, and mucus. |
| What is the skeletal system? | The skeletal system is the framework of the body made up of bones, cartilage, and ligaments that supports and protects organs, enables movement, and produces blood cells. |
| How many bones are in the adult human body? | 206 |
| What are the two main divisions of the skeleton? | Axial skeleton: Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage (protects organs) Appendicular skeleton: Limbs and girdles (arms, legs, shoulders, hips) for movement |
| What are osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts? | Osteoblasts: Build bone tissue Osteocytes: Maintain bone tissue Osteoclasts: Break down bone tissue for remodeling |
| What is bone marrow and its function? | Red marrow: Produces red and white blood cells and platelets Yellow marrow: Stores fat and energy |
| What are joints (articulations)? | Joints are points where two or more bones meet. They allow movement, flexibility, and provide stability to the skeleton. |
| What are the three structural classifications of joints? | Fibrous joints: fixed (Amphiarthrosis) Cartilaginous joints: slightly movable (Synarthrosis) Synovial joints: freely movable (diarthroses). |
| What is the functional classification of joints? | based on the amount of movement they allow. Synarthrosis – immovable Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable Diarthrosis – freely movable |
| What are fibrous joints? | Fibrous joints are bones connected by dense connective tissue with no joint cavity. They are mostly immovable (synarthroses) or slightly movable (amphiarthroses). |
| Three types of fibrous joints? | Sutures:Skull Syndesmoses: bones joined by ligaments Gomphoses:Teeth in sockets |
| Three main groups of synovial joints based on movement? | Uniaxial = One direction (simple) Biaxial = Two directions (more flexible) Multiaxial = Full motion (most mobile) |
| Uniaxial synovial joints and examples? | Hinge joints: Elbow, knee (flexion and extension) Pivot joints: Atlas/axis of neck, radius-ulna (rotation) |
| Biaxial synovial joints and examples? | Condyloid (ellipsoidal): Wrist joint (flexion, extension, side-to-side) Saddle joint: Thumb (carpometacarpal joint) |
| Multiaxial synovial joints and examples? | Ball-and-socket joints: Shoulder and hip (flexion, extension, rotation, abduction, adduction, circumduction) |
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AideeS
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