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exam2-ch3
chapter 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms | tenants of the Cell Theory |
| according to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are determined and made possible by the specific sub-cellular structures of cells | tenants of the Cell Theory |
| cell are composed chiefly of - carbon - oxygen - nitrogen - hydrogen cell vary greatly in size and shape | organization of cell |
| the activity of an organism is dependent on both the individual and collective activities of its cell | tenants of the Cell Theory |
| continuity of life has a cellular basic | tenants of the Cell Theory |
| outer limiting membrane | plasma membrane |
| fluid like material inside with many organelles | cytoplasm |
| command center of the cell, filled with nucleoplasm | nucleus |
| very thin structure with a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules | fluid mosaic model |
| protein molecules are dispersed in it - some are pore, some span the entire membrane (transmembrane proteins) | fluid mosaic model |
| many cellular functions can be directly tied to this phospholipid bilayer (aka cell membrane or plasmalemma) | fluid mosaic model |
| head of phospholipid of the plasma membrane and arranges itself toward the water | hydrophilic |
| tail of phospholipid which orients itself way from any water | hydrophobic |
| create hydrophobic barrier in the middle of the lipid bilayer that does not allow hydrophillic molecules to pass | fluid mosaic model |
| large, bulky, or charged molecules are not likely to pass all the way through the bilayer | fluid mosaic model |
| phospholipids are free to move around to a great extend within the membrane | fluid mosaic model |
| phospholipids associated with attached sugar group; found only in outer surface of plasma membrane | glycolipids |
| a fairly rigid molecule that will stabilize the cell membrane. This restrains the movement of the phospholipids | cholesterol |
| 20 % of the outer membrane surface is rigid b/c of assemblies of saturated phospholipids and cholesterol | lipid rafts |
| very stable organizations, less fluid, and are thought to function as a platform of concentrated signaling molecules | lipid rafts |
| cannot be easily removed without disrupting the cell integrity | integral protein |
| can be easily removed with a mild detergent without destroying the cell | peripheral protein |
| mechanical couplings called plagues are on the cytoplasmic face which attach to supporting proteins are called | cadherin |
| -unassisted movement of materials directly through the lipid bilayer - requires no energy - lipid soluble | simple diffusion |
| - molecules are assisted when they move across - outermost phosphate parts of the phospholipid layer are hydropillic - the core (hydrophobic tails) are very hard to negotiate - carrier molecule or channel spanning pore protein | facilitated duffusion |
| virtually any molecule will diffuse across a protein free lipid bilayer from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration | electrochemical gradient |
| - membrane proteins of adjacent cells may be hooked together in various kinds of intracellular junctions - CAM's are cell adhesion molecules which have a crucial role in cell migration | intercellular joing |
| membrane proteins exposed to the outside of the cell may have a binding site with a specific shape that fits the shape of a chemical messenger | receptors for cell signals |
| net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without an expenditure of energy | diffusion |
| unassisted movement of materials directly through the lipid bilayer requireds no energy or other kind of expenditure lipid soluble | simple diffusion |
| molecules are assisted when they move across - outermost phophate parts of the phospholipid bilayer are hydropillic, the core hydrophobic tails are very hard to negotiate - there are may be the use of carrier molecule or a channel-spanning pore protei | facilitated diffusion |
| more dissolved solutes than the surrounding media | hypertonic |
| less dissolved solutes than the surrounding media | hypotonic |
| the same amount of dissolved solutes as the surrounding media | isotonic |
| cell eating | phagocytosis |
| cell drinking | pinocytosis |
| the movement of materials out of the cell | exocytosis |
| nonliving nutrient stores, secretory products, pigment granules, crytalloids and so on | inclusions |
| tiny organs that represent the metalbolic machinery of the cell | cytoplasmic organelles |
| lacks the ribosomes, plays a crucial role in drug detoxification, modified in cardiac and muscle cells | smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| membrane bound organelles such as peroxisomes - contain catalases ond oxidases - convert hydrogen peroxide into harmless water and oxygen gas since they have the enzyme catalase | microbodies |
| contains digestive enzymes of many varieties; suicide sac of the cell | lysosomes |
| slender extensions of the plasma membrane that increase its surface area | microvilli |
| two rod-dhaped bodies near the nucleus; direct formation of the mitotic spindle | centrioles |
| dense, darkly staining nuclear body; packaging site for ribosomes | nucleoli |
| contractile elements of the cytoskeleton | microflament |
| site of free radical detoxification | peroxide |
| broad categories | covering and lining epithelium glandular epithelium |
| -found on all free surfaces of the body such as the skin - lines the open cavities of the digestive and respiratory system | covering and lining epithelium |
| lines the various glands of the body | glandular |
| - one or more cells that secrete a particular product. - usually a water based secretion that contains proteins, but steroids, and lipid are very commons. - this is an active or energy requiring process | glandular epithelium |
| dump secretion into blood | endocrine |
| dump secretion into ducts | exocrin |
| secretion exocytosed shortly after production secretory cells not altered in any way | merocine |
| secretions accumulate in the gland until it ruptures the cretions inclludes whole portons of the cell that produced it | holocrine |
| example of sabaceous gland | holocrine |
| these glands accumulate materials just to pinch off the apex just below the cell surface; only the apex is lost, not the whole cell this is seen in the mammary glands | apocrine |
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