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Anatomy Midterm
Assignment 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 parts of science logical inquiry? | Hypothesis, experiment, theory, law |
| What is autopoiesis? | Living organisms are self-organized and self-maintained |
| What is Cell Theory? | If it is made up of one or more cells, it is alive |
| What if definition of Metabolism? | sum total of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the living body |
| What are the 7 Levels of Organization in the body? | chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system and organism |
| What is the anatomical position? | Body standing with arms at sides head, feet and palms forward |
| Definition of Lumen or Luminal | hollow area of organs such as stomach, small intestine, blood vessels etc. |
| Definition of Medullary | inner region or core of an organ |
| Definition of Cortical | outer region or layer of an organ |
| What are 3 major body planes? | sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (horizontal) |
| What fatty acid has all available bonds of hydrocarbon chain filled? | saturated fatty acid |
| True or False: A triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and three of the same type of fatty acid. | False |
| Large molecule made up of many identical small molecules | Polymer |
| What is most important monosaccharide? | Glucose |
| What four elements are in all proteins? | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen |
| Form of energy that cells generally use and has a double helix structure | ATP |
| Lipid often referred to as a tissue hormone | Prostaglandin |
| Acids, bases, salts belong to what group of compounds? | Electrolytes |
| Total number of electrons in neutral atom equals number of? | Protons in nucleus |
| Acids release what? | Hydrogen ions |
| What chemical bond is formed by sharing one or more pairs of electrons between the outer shells of two atoms? | Covalent |
| Definition of Element | substance that cannot be broken down or decomposed |
| Acidic pH range? | Less than 7 |
| Alkaline or basic pH range? | Greater than 7 |
| Definition of Polar Molecule | can form a hydrogen bond and has unequal charge |
| Primary function of Plasma Membrane | regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell, facilitates cell signaling, protects inside of cell |
| What organelle is site of aerobic respiration and ATP production? | Mitochondria |
| What cell structure has genetic material and controls activities? | Nucleus |
| What do ribosomes do? | synthesize protein by translating messenger RNA |
| Difference between Rough ER and ER | Rough ER: has ribosomes and produces proteins Smooth ER: No ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and detoxifies chemicals |
| Golgi apparatus does what in the cell? | modifies, sorts and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles |
| What organelle uses digestive enzymes to break down cellular waste? | Lysosome |
| What do peroxisomes do? | Break down fatty acids and neutralize toxic substances |
| What are microtubules? | part of cytoskeleton, maintain cell shape, enable intracellular transport, assist in cell division |
| What organelle is responsible for lipid synthesis and calcium storage? | Smooth ER |
| What is cytoplasm made of and what does it do? | Made of cytosol and organelles, supports cellular processes and allows molecular movement |
| What does nucleolus do? | produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembles ribosome subunits |
| How do cells maintain homeostasis at structural level? | Membrane transport, organelle coordination and cytoskeletal support |
| What is chromatin and where is it? | Chromatin is DNA wrapped around histone proteins, found in nucleus |
| Reaction between hydrogen and oxygen needed to form water is example of? | synthesis reaction |
| Atom is chemically inert if it outermost shell has how many electrons? | Eight |
| Hydrolysis is what type of process? | Catabolic |
| Isotope of element has different numbers of _________ from other atoms of the same element. | Neutrons |
| Is Helium likely to combine with another element? | No |
| Definition of Octet Rule | stability of atom when there are 8 elections in outermost energy level |
| What is the most abundant and important compound in the body? | Water |
| Atomic number of carbon is 6. How many unpaired electrons are in outer most shell? | Four |
| Hydrogen isotope Tritium has | one proton and two neutrons |
| Substances that accept hydrogen ions | Bases |
| Atomic mass is determined by the number of? | protons and neutrons |
| What is trace element in the body? | Iron |
| Definition of Ionic Bonds | a positive and negative ion attracting each other |
| What donates protons, tastes sour and releases hydrogen ions in aqueous solution? | Acids |
| What is the weakest bond? | Hydrogen |
| What kind of element is determined by the number of? | Protons |
| Cisternae of this organelle are continuous with the nuclear envelope | Rough ER |
| What kind of substance keeps the cell membrane from breaking easily? | Phospholipids |
| What is another name for the microtubule organizing center? | Centrosome |
| Nucleolus is mostly made of | rRNA |
| Identification function of the cell membrane is carried out by the | glycoprotein molecules |
| Enzyme catalase is an important chemical in functioning of the | peroxisomes |
| Centrosomes and centrioles have the greatest impact of what cell function? | Cell division |
| Desmosomes hold what kind of cells together? | epithelial (skin) cells |
| What are some functions of integral membrane proteins (IMPs)? | act as receptors, signal transduction, identification of self |
| What junction "glues" epidermis and dermis together and provides mechanical support for the epidermis? | Dermoepidermal |
| What is strongest and most durable type of cartilage? | Fibrocartilage |
| Mesoderm interacts with endoderm and ectoderm to give rise to | The heart, skeletal muscles and mesenchyme |
| Besides water, extracellular matrix contains | Proteins and proteoglycans |
| What is the most common type of cartilage? | Hyaline |
| Definition of periosteum | dense, white fibrous membrane that covers outside of bone except at joint surfaces |
| What is the longest and heaviest bone in the body? | Femur |
| What kind of fibers are present in all three types of cartilage and most numerous in fibrocartilage? | Collagenous |
| Compact bone contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called | Osteons |
| Largest sesamoid bone in the body | Patella |
| Lacrimal bone is | the very small bone that lies posterior and lateral to each nasal bone |
| Bone marrow is a specialized tissue called | Myeloid tissue |
| Extracellular components of bone matrix are | Hard and calcified |
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