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SCI220-03

Study Stack Set 1

QuestionAnswer
What are the six levels of structural organization in the human body, from simplest to most complex? Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.
How does the principle “structure fits function” apply to anatomy? Anatomical structures are shaped to perform specific physiological functions efficiently (e.g., alveoli are thin to allow gas exchange).
What is the anatomical position and why is it important? Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides with palms forward. It provides a standard reference for anatomical descriptions
Define sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes. Sagittal divides left/right; coronal (frontal) divides front/back; transverse (horizontal) divides top/bottom.
What are the two major body cavities and their subdivisions? Dorsal (cranial and vertebral) and ventral (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic).
Name the four primary tissue types and their main functions. Epithelial (covering), connective (support), muscle (movement), nervous (control).
What are the three main types of epithelial cell shapes and arrangements? Shapes: squamous, cuboidal, columnar; Arrangements: simple, stratified, pseudostratified.
Which major connective tissue types are found in the skeleton? Bone and cartilage (supportive CT), plus fibrous CT, blood, lymphatic, and marrow tissues.
What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone? Compact bone is dense and strong, forming outer layers; spongy bone is porous, lightweight, and contains red marrow.
What is an articulation, and what are the three main functional classifications of joints? Articulation = joint. Classifications: synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), diarthrosis (freely movable).
Name the three major types of cartilage and their locations. Hyaline (ribs, nose, trachea), fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs), elastic (external ear, epiglottis).
How does the integumentary system maintain homeostasis? By regulating temperature, protecting against pathogens, preventing water loss, and synthesizing vitamin D.
What are the two main layers of the skin and what type of tissue makes up each? Epidermis (stratified squamous epithelium) and dermis (dense irregular connective tissue).
Which type of cells in the epidermis are responsible for pigmentation? Melanocytes, which produce melanin.
What are the five layers of the epidermis (from deep to superficial) in thick skin? Stratum basale → Stratum spinosum → Stratum granulosum → Stratum lucidum → Stratum corneum.
What cellular structure separates the internal environment of the cell from the external? The plasma membrane.
What are organelles and give three examples with their functions. Specialized structures within cells (e.g., mitochondria = ATP production, ribosomes = protein synthesis, nucleus = genetic control).
What is the role of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts in bone tissue? Osteocytes maintain bone, osteoblasts build new bone, and osteoclasts break down bone.
Describe the process of homeostasis in anatomical systems. The body uses feedback mechanisms (mostly negative feedback) to maintain stable internal conditions (e.g., temperature, pH).
What is the difference between axial and appendicular skeletons? Axial includes skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum; appendicular includes limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvis).
Created by: Harriet Afriyie
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