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Geology Revision
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is geology? | The study of the Earth, its materials and processes. |
| What do geologist study? | Rocks, minerals, earthquakes, volcanoes, fossils, ancient life and natural resources |
| What are reasons as to why geology matters? | Helps us understand natural disasters, provides resources we use everyday, explains Earth's history and guides construction and city planning |
| What are seismic waves? | Shaking that moves through Earth when an earthquake happens |
| What are primary waves (p-waves)? | Go through solids and liquids. They bend and slow down the outer core and makes different materials |
| What are secondary waves (s-waves)? | Go through solids only. They stop at the outer core |
| What are the layers of the Earth? | Crust, mantle, upper mantle and lithosphere, lower mantle and asthenosphere and the outer and inner core. |
| Describe the crust | It is 5-7 cm thick making it the thinnest layer, made of solid rocks, all life and landscapes are found here and its broken into tectonic plates that slowly move. |
| Describe the mantle | Its 2,900km thick, hot, semi-solid rocks that flow slowly and works with the crust to form the lithosphere |
| Describe the upper mantle and lithosphere | Broken into tectonic plates that float on softer rocks and plates are moved by convection currents below |
| Describe the lower mantle: asthenosphere | Beneath the lithosphere, rock is hotter and flows like thick putty, this slow movement drives plate tectonics and is a source of magma |
| Describe the outer core | About 2,200km thick, made of liquid iron and nickel, movement creates Earth's magnetic field which protects us from the sun. |
| Describe the inner core | Its a ball of iron and nickel, between 5,000-6,000 degrees, stays solid because of the huge pressure from all the layers above. |
| How is an igneous rock formed, what are its uses and examples of it? | It’s formed when magma cools and hardens and can be categorised into intrusive and extrusive. They are used for building and a type is the basalt |
| How is a sedimentary rock formed, what are its uses and examples of it? | Its formed by the accumulation and compaction of sediments over time, used for concrete and an example is sandstone |
| How is a metamorphic rock formed, what are its uses and examples of it? | Formed from the alteration of pre existing rock due to heat, pressure and chemical processes, its used for statues and a type is marble |
| What is does intrusive mean? | Formed beneath the Earth's surface |
| What does extrusive mean? | Formed on the Earth's surface |
| What is the rock cycle? | The natural process that changes rocks from one type to another over time and takes millions of years to complete |
| What are the components of the rock cycle? | Weathering & erosion, compaction & sedimentation, heat & pressure, melting and cooling & solidifying |
| Weathering and erosion | Rocks break down into smaller pieces by wind, water and ice |
| Compaction and sedimentation | Sediments pile up in layers and get squashed together. --> sedimentary rock |
| Heat and pressure | Sedimentary or igneous rocks buried deep in the Earth change under heat and pressure --> metamorphic rock |
| Melting | Rocks deep underground melt into magma |
| Cooling and solidifying | Magma or lava cools and hardens ---> Igneous rock |
| What are minerals? | Building blocks of rocks. Different rocks are made up of different types of minerals. |
| What are the properties of minerals? | Naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, definite chemical composition, ordered internal structure. |
| What is the oceanic crust? | Younger, cold, and dense and found at the bottom of the ocean and sometimes found in mountains |
| What is the continental crust? | Typically silicon-rich, older and lite and fluffy. Found in continents and can be billions of years old. |
| Subduction | One tectonic plate being pushed under another into the mantle until it begins to melt. |
| What does subduction produce? | Volcanoes and deep trenches |
| What is convergent | Boundaries occur when plates move into each other |
| What is divergent? | Boundaries where tectonic plates move apart from each other |
| What is transform? | Boundaries scrape past each other without moving apart or together. |
| What do divergent boundaries form? | Mid-ocean ridges, volcanoes and earthquakes |
| What do transform boundaries form? | Earthquakes |
| What is hydraulic acid? | Force if water enters cracks breaking apart/ |
| Abrasion | Rocks carried by water scrap against riverbeds |
| Attrition | Rocks smash into each other, becoming smoother and smaller |
| Solution | Minerals dissolve in water and get carried away |
| Coastal erosion | Waves crash against cliffs wearing them down and creating features. |
| Glaciers | Huge rivers of ice that move slowly downhill |
| Plucking | Ice freezes around rocks and pulls them away |
| Creates U-Shaped Valley | Jagged mountain landscapes |
| What are 3 agents of erosion | Water, wind and ice |
| Weathering | The breakdown of rocks where they are |
| What are 3 types of weathering | Physical, chemical and biological |
| Erosion | The movement of those broken pieces of sediments to new places |
| What are 3 types of erosion | Water, wind and ice |
| What is the Precambrian era? | Earth formed and oceans appeared |
| What is the Palaeozoic era? | Life developed oceans, plants and animals moved |
| What is the Mesozoic era? | Age of dinosaurs, first birds and mammals |
| What is the Cenozoic era? | Age of mammals, humans evolved |
Created by:
SallyCat861
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