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Geology of NP
Zion, Bryce, Mammoth, Carlsbad, Arches, and Petrified Forest NPS
| QUESTION OR TERM | ANSWER OR DEFINITION |
|---|---|
| What is Gypsums Chemical Compound? | CaSO4+2H2O |
| What is Calcites Chemical Compound? | CaCO3 |
| What is Carbonic Acid's Chemical Compound? | H2CO3 |
| What is Salt (aka Hillite)'s Chemical Compound? | NaCl |
| What is Silica's Chemical Compound? | SiO2 |
| What is Zion National Park primarily made out of? | Navajo Sandstone |
| What is one of Zion's unique and tallest-of-its-own features? | The Sandstone Kolob Arch -- 310 ft. |
| What is the Great White Throne? | A monolith that rises 2000 ft from the canyon floor. |
| What's the coloring of the Great White Throne? | It is usually a light tan, but when direct sunlight shines on the top of it, it turns bright white. The base of the monolith is a deep red due to iron oxide. |
| What is a thrust fault? | A break in the Earth's crust, where older rocks are pushed above younger rocks. |
| What is the Grand Staircase and its' order? | From Oldest (Bottom) to Youngest (Top): Chocolate, Vermillion, White, Gray, and Pink. |
| What's a common erosional feature? | Runoff from rain and snowmelt (which, in Zion, has eroded thousands of rocks during the Quaternary.) |
| Where is Bryce Canyon located? | On the Pink level of the Staircase. |
| What is Bryce National Park primarily made out of? | Sedimentary Rock |
| What is Slope Wash? | The downward transport of sediment by a continuous film or flow of water. |
| Where does Bryce get its pink and red hues from? | Iron Oxide and Manganese |
| What is Carbonation? | The Reaction with carbon dioxide in air and soil with water that forms acid. |
| What are Hoodoos? | Tall Skinny Spires of rock from hot basins or the badlands. |
| What are the physical aspects of Hoodoos? | They can have varying widths and heights, formed in sedimentary rock, and are affected by erosional patterns. |
| What is Arches NP primarily made out of? | Entrada Sandstone |
| What determines where arches and fins form? | Joints and Cracks |
| What is a joint? | A break or fracture that has little to no displacement |
| How is a bridge formed? | Erosion from a stream of running water |
| What is responsible for Arch formation? | Vertical joints |
| Most of the arches in Arches NP are where? | In Devil's Garden |
| What is the Jurassic Morrison formation? | the rock unit that holds the highest concentration of dinosaur remains |
| What is Mammoth Cave NP primarily made of? | Limestone |
| What is porosity? | total amount of open space in a rock |
| What are the three factors of Permeability. | Number, size, and straightness of the available conduits. |
| What is an Aquifer? | A rock with high porosity and high permeability. |
| What is an Aquitard? | A rock with low porosity and low permeability. |
| What does an Unconfined Aquifer do? | Allows water to interact with the surface freely |
| What does a confined Aquifer do? | Allows water to flow to the surface through a specific route -- water is under pressure. |
| The water table is the top of the groundwater reservoir. What are the different zones and their nicknames? | The unsaturated zone, known as the Vadose Zone and the saturated zone, known as the Phreatic Zone |
| What is the recharge area of a water table? | The area where rainfall enters or 'recharges' the aquifers |
| What are sinkholes? | funnel-shaped depressions where soil has subsided. |
| What is Primary Porosity? | Original composition when rock was formed |
| What is Secondary Porosity? | Develops after rock has formed due to weathering. |
| What are the cave types? | Solution, lava, sea, talus, and glacier caves. |
| What is Carlsbad NP primarily made of? | Capitan Limestone |
| Where is Carlsbad located? | Guadalupe Mountains |
| What is semiarid? | Mostly dry climate |
| What is Escarpment? | a steep slope |
| Which mineral helps us determine the origin of Carlsbad? | Endellite, a clay mineral. |
| Which cave in Carlsbad is considered the deepest in the United States? | Lechuguilla Cave |
| What is a polymorph? | Two minerals that have the same chemical formula but entirely different crystal systems or structures. |
| What is a known house structure in Petrified F. NP? | The Pueblo people lived in "agate houses" -- agate is a type of quartz |
| What is silica? | Silicon and Oxygen are the two most abundant chemical elements in the Earth's Crust. |
| Why do petrified logs have colored spottings? | Due to excess iron in the ground. |
| What are the three specific silica quartz that evoke certain colors? | Chalcedony, Jasper, and Agate. |
| What are pseudomorphs? | wood replaced ENTIRELY by silica. |
| What is perminteralization? | a type of fossilization where mineral matter is deposited within and around the cells/pores without destroying or altering them. |
| What is the main source of silica? | volcanic ash |
| What is the main geologic feature of Petrified Forest NP? When was it formed? | The Chinle Formation. It was first formed in the Mesozoic era, Triassic Period. |
| What are petroglyphs? | Drawings in desert varnish. |
| What is desert varnish? | a thin, dark-toned layer of film. |
| What does Caliche mean? | A general term for concentrations of soluble calcium |
| What are ventifacts? | Rocks that have been smoothed over, with little to no dust. Sculpted by wind-blown sand. |
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