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Bio Test 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| CNS | Central Nervous System. Brain and Spinal Cord |
| Spinal Cord | Communicates with all the sense organs except the head |
| Left and right sides... | hold sensory information and motor nerves for the other side |
| Entering dorsal roots/axons | carry sensory information |
| Ventrical roots | carry exiting motor information |
| Dorsal root ganglia | sensory neurons clustered outside the spinal cord |
| Grey matter | H-shaped in the center of the spinal cord, densely packed with cell bodies/dendrites, send axons to the brain or to other parts of the spinal cord through white matter |
| Spinal cord segments | sends sensory information to th brain, receives motor commands to the brain |
| Peripheral Nervous system | connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body |
| Somatic nervous system | Axons conveying information from sense organs to the CNS and vice versa |
| Automatic nervous system | Controls heart, intestines, and other organs |
| Automatic nervous system pt. 2 | Some exist in the cell bodies within the brain and spinal cord |
| Sympathetic | preparing for vigorous activity. FIght or flight. Norephinephrine |
| Parasympathetic | Vegetative/resting state "Rest and digest". Acetylcholine |
| Dorsal | back |
| Ventral | toward stomach |
| Anterior | toward the front end |
| Posterior | toward the rear end |
| Superior | above another part |
| Inferior | below another part |
| Lateral | toward side |
| Medial | toward midline |
| Proximal | located close to the point of origin |
| Distal | located more distant from the point of origin |
| Ipsilateral | on the same side of the body |
| Contralateral | on the opposite side of the body |
| Coronal plane | a plane that shows brain structures as seen from the front |
| Sagittal plane | a plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side |
| Horizontal plane/Transverse plane | a plane that shows brain structures as seen from above |
| Hindbrain | Rhombencephalon, Mesencephalon, Prosencephalon |
| Medulla | Medulla and pons make up the brainstem along with parts of the forebrain, Damage or suppression are often life |
| Medulla/medulla oblongata | an enlarge extension of the spinal cord |
| Pons | Anterior and ventral to the medulla, Axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord so that the brain hemisphere controls opposite side of the body |
| Cerebellum | Large hindbrain structure with many deep folds, Balance and coordination, control of movement, Damage can cause trouble with shifting their attention between audio and visual stimuli, timing, learning, and conditioning |
| Tectum | Roof of the midbrain, Covers the tegmentum |
| Tegmentum | Intermediate level of the brain, Covers several structures in the midbrain |
| Superior colliculus | Swelling on one side of the tectum, Vision sensory processing |
| Inferior colliculus | Swelling on one side of the tectum, Hearing/auditory sensory processing |
| Substantia nigra | Dopamine |
| Prosencephalon | Each is organized to send sensory information from the other side of the body , Controls the muscles by way of avons on the spinal cord and cranial nerve nuclei |
| Under the cerebral cortex | thalamus and basal ganglia |
| Limbic system | interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem |
| Cerebral Cortex important | motivation and emotions, Eating, Drinking, Sexual activity, Anxiety, Aggression |
| Binding problem | how various brain areas produce a perception of a single object, also known as large scale integration problem |
| Electroencephalograph | records electrical activity of the brain through electrodes ranging from just a joule more than hundred |
| • Can also record brain activity in response to a stimulus | envoked opotential r evoked responses |
| Magnetoencephaglograph | records/measures the faint manetic fields generated by brain activity |
| Positron | emission tomography |
| Funcitional magnetic resonance imaging | modified MRI based on hemoglobin |
| Phrenology | related skull anatomy to behavior, though was invalid |
| Computerized acial Tomoraphy | a physician ijects a dye into the blood to increase contrast and x |
| Magnetic resonance imaging | applies a powerful magnetic field to align all the axes of rotation then tilts them with a brief radio frequency field. When the frequency field is turned off, the atomatic nuclei releases electromagnetic energy as they relax |
| Mendelian Genetics | Gregor Mendel demonstrated that inheritance occurs through genes, coming in pairs aligned on chromosomes, |
| DNA | A gene has been defined as part of a chromosome composed of the double strand molecule deoxyribonucleic acid |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid molecules, a single strand chemical in which the DNA models synthesis of |
| DNA bases | adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine |
| RNA bases | Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil, |
| Homozygous | the same genes on copies of some chromosomes |
| Heterozygous | an unmatched pair of genes on the chromosome |
| Dominant genes | show its effect on either homozygous and heterozygous genes |
| Recessive genes | shows its effect on only the homozygous genes |
| Sexlinked genes | genes linked to the sex chromosomes, such as X and/or Y in animals |
| Sexlimited genes | genes present in both sexes but active mainly in one |
| Autosomal genes | all other chromosomes beyond the sex |
| Mutation | heritable change in a DNA molecule, changing just one base in DNA to any other three types |
| Duplication or deletion | other kinds of mutations. Part of chromosomes showing up more than one or no times at all |
| Microduplication or microdeletion | when duplication or deletion happens in only part of the brain. When this happens in the cell, it is responsible for several psychological and neurological disorders |
| Epigenetics | a field of biology that deals with changes in gene expression |
| Histones | proteins that bind DNA into a shape similar to a the string in a ball wound in string, which have loose ends to which certain chemicals groups can attach |
| Heritability | when various characteristics observed within the individual depend largely on the genetics of the individual. Indicate from one to zero |
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