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Micro UMKC Exam 1
Microbiology UMKC Exam 1 Fall 2010
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acidophile | Growth optimum b/w pH 0 - 5.5 (Can remove protons with pumps.) |
| Neutrophile | Growth optimum b/w pH 5.5 - 8 |
| Alkalophile | Growth optimum b/w pH 8-11.5 |
| Psychrophile | 0-15 Celsius. |
| Psychotroph | 0-7 Celsius, Optimum at 20-30 Celcius, max at 35. |
| Mesophile | Growth optimum around 20-45 Celsius. |
| Thermophile | 55+, optimum at 55-65 Celsius. |
| Hyperthermophile | Optimum at 80 - 113 Celsius. |
| Obligate aerobe | Completely dependent on atmospheric O2 for growth |
| Facultative anaerobe | Doesn't require O2, but prefers it. |
| Aerotolerant anaerobe | Doesn't care either way |
| Obligate anaerobe | Cannot tolerate O2. |
| Microaerophile | Requires O2 at 2 - 10% and is damaged by levels of atmospheric O2. |
| Barophile | Growth more rapid at high hydrostatic pressures. |
| Turbidometric measures | light scattering mass measurement method. Requires high concentration. |
| Extremophiles | grow under harsh conditions that would normally kill other organisms |
| Mass Sampling Methods | Constituent, dry weight, turbidometric |
| Membrane Filtration Method | Viable count method. Useful with low concentration of cells. |
| Membrane Filters (Fluorescence) | Direct count on membrane filters, fluorescent cells. (Sometimes can determine viable vs. non.) |
| Electronic Counters | Direct cell counting method, only useful for large microorganisms or blood cells. Uses current disturbances to measure. |
| Counting Chambers | Direct cell counting method, but quick, cheap and easy. |
| Plating Method | Viable Count Method. Can use selective media. |
| a_w | Water activity. Water available to cells, reduced by osmotic effect and matric effect. |
| Osmotolerance | Can grow over a wide range of water activity. |
| Compatible Solutes | Produced by cell to counteract osmotic outflow of water. |
| Halophiles | Can thrive in extreme salinity. (actually require high solute concentration - enzymes, proteins, etc, need it to fx.) |
| Cardinal Temperatures | Min, Max and Optimal temps for growth. |
| Tetraethers | Form monolayers - more stable. (esp. useful in high temps.) |
| Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) | Destroys super oxide radicals. |
| Catylase | Breaks down H2O2. (prevents hydroxyl radicals.) |
| Anaerobes don't make which enzymes? | SOD and Catylase. |
| Cell Cycle Components | 1: DNA replication and partitioning. 2: Cytokinesis. |
| Cell Division Model Organisms | E. coli (binary fission), B. subtilis (endospores) and Caulobacter crescentus (stalks/swimmers.) |
| MreB | Like actin. Responsible for rod shape. Helical. |
| Ftsz | Purse string, in center of cell, attached to PM. (formed where MinCDE is not.) |
| Shape of Most Prokaryotic Chromosomes | Circular |
| Components of Prokaryotic Chromosome | Origin of replication, terminus, and replisome. |
| PBP's (penicillin binding proteins) | Autolysins and transpeptidation enzymes. |
| Where PBP's are found during cell division? | Near Ftsz, at septum, to synthesize new peptidoglycan. |
| Cell wall biosynthesis in cocci: | Hemisphere formation of new peptidoglycan. |
| Cell wall biosynthesis in bacillus: | Pole formation of new peptidoglycan. |
| Exponential Growth | Doubling at a constant rate. |
| Generation time | time it takes for population to double |
| Y Axis of growth curve graph. | Log_10 # of cells. |
| 4 phases of microbial growth curve | Lag, Growth (log), Stationary and Death |
| Lag Phase | Retooling; synthesizing new components. This phase can be long or short. |
| Log Phase | Cells grow at max rate possible for given conditions, and the rate is constant. Population is most uniform at this time. |
| Stationary Phase | no further increase in number. (all nutrients gone, toxic wastes, critical cell density) |
| Death Phase | loss of viability. 2 hypotheses. (VBNC / programmed lysis.) |
| Why VBNC? | Unable to grow under lab conditions, need change. |
| Why programmed lysis? | To feed other cells - martyrdom. |
| Counting Chamber | Special slide for counting cells. (Cheap, quick and easy. But, need high density and it is a direct count, not viable.) |
| Coulter Counter | common electronic counter. |
| Growth Factor | Essential for a cell, and something it can't make for itself. |
| Passive Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport, and Group Translocation | Types of transport in microorganisms. (NO endocytosis.) |
| Proton Motive Force (proton gradient) | protons have a higher conc. right outside the plasma membrane. Proton comes in, nutrient comes in with it. (Symport.) |
| Example of symport in bacteria. | Lactose / proton. |
| Proton gradient can make a Na gradient; why? | Proton gradient used indirectly to transport nutrients in through Na gradient. |
| Group Translocation uses energy? | Uses high energy bond in PEP (Phosphate.) |
| Group Translocation modifies? | Modifies molecule as it is brought into the cell. |
| Group Translocation process? | PEP provides Phosphate that goes through relay, eventually to protein IIC in membrane (Specific to a certain molecule's transport.) |
| Why do bacteria need Iron? | Cytochromes - electron transport. |
| Why is Iron hard to get? | It is insoluble. |
| How to bacteria get iron? | Siderophores |
| Examples of siderophores? | FERRICHROME and ENTEROBACTIN |
| Defined (synthetic) vs. Complex Media | Defined: all conc. known. Complex: some conc. unknown. |
| Peptones | ? |
| Agar | Sulfated polysaccharide. |
| McConkey agar selectivity | Has bile salts - so gram + can't grow (b/c outer membrane protects gram neg.) |
| Selective vs. Differential Media | Selective will kill certain bacteria. Differential will identify different viable cells from each other. |
| McConkey agar differentiation | Contains dye to identify cells that can ferment lactose or not. (makes acid - dye is a pH indicator.) |
| Robert Coch | Coch's laws of pathogenicity. |
| Types of plates to produce pure cultures | Spread plate, streak plate and pour plate. |
| Spread and pour plates need to be: | diluted through serial dilution to get isolated colonies |
| Virulent vs Temperate Phages | Virulent: lytic cycle only. Temperate: Lytic OR Lysogeny |
| Lysogeny | Prophage is dormant in bacterial chromosome. |
| LAMBDA bacteriophage | example of a temperate phage |
| prophage | not always incorporated into bacterial dna. but maintained passively in the bacterial cell. |
| Lysogen | bacterial cell w/ prophage inside. |
| CPE: cytopathic effects | abnormalities in eukaryotic cells/tissues caused by viral infection (b/c of prophage?) |
| Types of Infections | Acute, Latent, Chronic, Malignant |
| Acute Infection | Lysis |
| Latent Infection | Virus present, but not yet activated. |
| Chronic Infection | slow release of virus, no cell lysis. |
| Malignant Infection | Inserts oncogene or mutates protooncogene already present. |
| Oncovirus | virus known to cause cancer. |
| Epstein-barr virus | causes mono, implicated also in lymphoma and carcinoma |
| PFU | Plaque forming unit (method of counting virus cultivations.) |
| Plaque Assay process | do serial dilution, plate on lawn of bacteria, count PFU's. |
| viroids and virusoids | infect plants, virusoids need helper virus. both are single strand of RNA circle. no protein coat. |
| prions | Infectious Protein Particles. |
| prion examples | scrapie, madcow disease, CJD and kuru |
| prion infection | positive feedback of conversion of normal proteins. |
| Macronutrients | all organisms need these in large amounts. CHONSPPoCaMg and Iron |
| Micronutrients | needed in trace amounts. ubiquitous in nature. serve as enzymes and cofactors. |
| Nutritional Types of organisms defined by: | Carbon, energy and electron sources. |
| Autotroph | Gets carbon from CO2. |
| Heteretrophs | Get carbon from already pre-formed organic molecules (other organisms.) |
| Phototrophs | Get Energy to make ATP from light. |
| Chemotrophs | get energy from breaking down or oxidizing compounds (mostly organic compounds.) |
| Lithotrophs | rock eaters (electrons from minerals.) |
| Organotrophs | electrons from organic molecules. |
| TWO MAIN nutritional types: | Photolithoautotroph and chemoorganoheterotrophs. |
| Photolithoautotrophs | Energy from light, electrons from rocks and carbon from the atmosphere. |
| Chemoorganoheterotrophs | (most pathogens.) energy from compounds, electrons from compounds, and carbon from compounds. |
| Can microbes change nutritional type? | some can. |
| Nitrogen Source (need Nitrogen for proteins, nucleic acids, etc.) | can be organic molecules, ammonia, nitrate, or even atmospheric nitrogen (n2 gas.) |
| Strepto = | chains |
| staphylo = | grape-like clusters |
| tetrads | 4 cocci in a square |
| sarcinae | 8 cocci cube |
| coccobacilli | very short rods |
| vibrio | comma |
| spirilla | rigid helices |
| spirochetes | flexible helices |
| mycelium | network of filaments, multinucleated |
| pleometric | variable in shape |
| bacteria size | 1-4 microns |
| virus size | less than 1 micron |
| rbc size | 7+ microns |
| gas vacuole | provides buoancy |
| Inclusion bodies | used for storage |
| fimbriae and pili | used for attachment to surfaces |
| bacterial membrane lacks ... ? | sterols. but does contain hopanoids (sterol-like.) |
| how do archaea differ from bacteria in structure? | different lipids in membrane. sometimes a mono-layer membrane. |
| Rubisco | enzyme for Co2 fixation found in cyanobacteria |
| tetraethers | form mono-layer in some arcahaea (vs diethers in bacteria.) |
| bacterial ribosomes size | smaller than eukaryotic (70S vs 80 S.) |
| plasmid | small circular DNA molecule, replicates independently of chromosome |
| plasmid fx | may confer selective advantage (antibody immunity.) |
| Cell wall fx | maintain shape, protect against toxins, protect against osmotic lysis (but not plasmolysys) and may help pathogenicity |
| Describe gram NEG. cell wall | Contains outer membrane, thin layer of peptidoglycan and plasma membrane. CELL WALL = peptido + outer membrane. |
| Describe gram POS. cell wall | Consists of thick layer of peptidoglycan, lying outside plasma membrane. |
| Periplasmic space | area between cell wall and plasma membrane. |
| Chains of peptidoglycan subunits are connected by .. ? | Cross-links (covalent bonds.) between peptides. |
| Amino acids in peptidoglycan are L/D? | both |
| Subunit of peptidoglycan consists of? | NAM + NAG. (potentially with amino acid side chain off of NAM.) |
| Other method of connecting chains of peptidoglycan? | Peptide interbridge. |
| Peptidoglycan strand shape? | helices |
| What other component does a gram POS cell wall contain that gram neg doesn't? | Teichoic acids |
| Periplasm in gram POS | relatively few proteins |
| exoenzymes | enzymes secreted by gram + |
| What does the outer membrane in gram NEG contain? | lipids, lipproteins and LPS (toxic) |
| Components of LPS's | O antigen, core polysaccharide and Lipid A |
| O antigen fx | protects from host defense (Variable even within same species.) |
| core polysaccharide | contributes to neg charge on cell surface |
| lipid A | stabilizes outer membrane and is the ENDOTOXIN. (Causes symptoms of illness.) |
| Can peptide interbridges vary? | Yes, between organisms. |
| exoenzyme function in gram pos. | to break down large molecules (i.e. polysaccharides.) |
| enzymes IN periplasm of gram neg. | carry out breaking down of molecule fx that exo's do in gram POS. |
| Brahn's lipo-protein | Anchors the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan through covalent linkage. |
| outer membrane fx | creates a permeability barrier (i.e. penecillin acts on peptidoglycan to kill bacteria.) |
| porin proteins | in outer membrane. these proteins are hollow tubes, channels for small molecules. |
| Lysozymes | breaks bond between nag and nam (breaks peptidoglycan.) found in tears, saliva, breast-milk, and lysosomes. |
| penicillin inhibits trans-peptidation | cannot replace peptidoglycan when it breaks down (results in holes.) made by a fungus. |
| pseudo-peptidoglycan | found in some archaea cell walls. (though archaea cell walls are very diverse.) differs by linkage of sugars, and by not having NAM. |
| S layer | found in some archaea. proteins right outside plasma membrane, arranged like floor tiles. |
| Capsule | lies outside cell wall in some bacteria |
| slime layer | like capsule, but easily removed, unorganized |
| Glycocalyx | i.e. slime layer / capsule (and others not discussed) ... aids in attachment to surfaces and also protection/evasion, and motility |
| fimbriae | used in motility and attachment. short, thin, numerous (twitching) |
| pili | used in reproduction, longer and thicker than pili, less numerous |
| flagella | used in movement. many types. |
| monotrichous | one flagellum |
| polar falgellum | at end of cell |
| amphitrichous | one flagella at each end of cell |
| lophotrichous | cluster of flagella at one or both ends |
| peritrichous | spread all over (i.e. e. coli.) |
| flagellar components | a hollow rigid filament composed of flagellin, a hook and the basal body. |
| filament movement in flagellum | propellar (not whip) movement |
| flagellar hook | links filament to basal body |
| basal body | series of rings that drives the flagellar motor |
| flagellar synthesis | happens at the tip (not from the base). flagellin proteins are shipped through the filament to the tip. |
| flagella assembly method | self assembly |
| counterclockwise rotation of flagellum | "run" |
| clockwise rotation of flagellum | "tumble" |
| flagellar movement is driven by | proton motive force. proton gradient, conc'd in the periplasmic space. +'s flow down MotA and MotB channel, rotating the flagellar motor. |
| Chemotaxis | movement in relation to chemicals/nutrients. |
| spirochete motility | corkscrew motion. flagella rotate and cause outer sheath to corskcrew. |
| endospores are formed by | bacillus and claustridium (soil dwellers.) |
| endspores metabolism? | none - metabolically inactive |
| mother cell | endospore forms inside the mother cell, which then lyses and dies. |
| what makes endospores so resistant? | SASPS and spore coat, and dehydration |
| SASP | small acid soluble DNA binding protein. |
| endospore formation (7 stages.) | ? |
| "germination" | the process of becoming a vegetative cell from an endospore |
| where is peptidoglycan found in endospore? | the cortex. inside the spore coat. |
| steps of gram stain | heat fix, crystal violet, gram's iodine, decolorize with alcohol, counter stain with safranin. |
| Two carriers in peptidoglycan synthesis | Bactoprenol and Uridine diphosphate. |
| Bactoprenol structure | huge, 55 carbon alcohol. lipid soluble. moves the repeat unit across the membrane. |
| UDP | holds onto sugars, and activates them to attach to something else. Carries NAM or NAG. |
| Detailed process of peptidoglycan synthesis (8 stages.) | |
| Pencicillin | prevents transpeptidation by binding PBP's proteins that carry out the reaction. |
| Vancomyacin | Binds to D-Ala-D-Ala, preventing transpeptidation |
| Cycloserine | Blocks the formation of D-Ala-D-Ala |
| Bacitracin | prevents dephosphorylation of bactoprenol, preventing it from crossing through the PM to return inside the cell |
| autolysins | digest a little pit of peptidoglycan to activate the end for further attachment or growth. |
| capsid | the structure containing viral nucleic acid (the protein coat.) |
| envelope | sometimes surrounds the capsid of viruses, a membrane from the host cell. (with spikes of viral proteins in it.) |
| nucleocapsid | protein coat (capsid) + rna/dna of a virus. |
| protomers | protein subunits of the viral capsid |
| types of capsids: | helical, icosahedron and complex |
| helical capsid | usually consists of 1 protein, efficient capsid type, requires only 1 gene. hollow tube. can be rigid or flexible. |
| influenza virus structure | 7 or 8 pieces of nucleocapsid (segmented genome), flexible helical capsid, enveloped virus. |
| icosahedron | 20 equilateral faces. 12 vertices. also efficient, could use just 1 protein. |
| Capsomers | icosahedral subunits (made up of protomers.) 5 or 6 protomers. |
| complex symmetry capsids | could contain both helical and icoshedron, or another variety of shapes. |
| bacteriophage components | capsid head, collar, sheath with helical symmetry, base plate with tail pins and tail fibers. |
| T4 bacteriophage | infect e. coli |
| spikes/peplomers | viral encoded proteins in a viral envelope |
| virus enzymes | usually in capsid, sometimes in envelope |
| RNA dependent RNA polymerase | in RNA viruses.. enzyme to make its proteins |
| size of virus genome depends on: | complexity of the virus |
| virus genome shape | can be linear or circular |
| 1st stage of viral infection | Attachment to the cell. Uses receptors on the host cell. |
| host cell specificity | mainly determined by the 1st stage of infection (attachment to host receptors.) |
| where are viral proteins made? | sometimes in cytoplasm, sometimes other places. |
| nucelic acid entry | most bacterophage inject nucleic acid directly. eukaryotic viruses usually enter the cell with genome still in capsid. |
| 3 modes of entry in eukarotyic viruses | Injection of nucleic acid (Rare), Fusion with host membrane and endocytosis. |
| Fusion with host PM process | bind to receptors, envelope fusions with PM, capsid enters. (ENVELOPED VIRUS ONLY.) then uncoating happens. |
| Endocytosis by the Host cell (enveloped virus) | bind to receptors, whole virus taken in by endocytosis, low pH in endosome fuses the envelope to the membrane, then capsid is released. |
| Endocytosis by the Host Cell (naked virus) | bind to receptors, take nucleucapsid in, inject nucleic acid directly through endosome. |
| holins and lysozyme | aid in lysis (makes holes in PM.) lysozyme cuts up peptidoglycan. then cell lyses. |
| two methods of exit from cell | lysis and budding |
| budding | nucleocapsid buds out through PM (like exocytosis.) this is how you get a membrane around a virus. |
| assembly | involves late proteins (some proteins for capsid, packaging, and release.) |
| Majority of Growth Factors | amino acids, purines and pyrimidines and vitamins |
| ftsz | analog of tubulin |
| mreb | analong of actin. forms the z ring. |
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biochick
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