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Biology Unit 2

TermDefinition
unicellular made of only one cell
multicellular made of many cells
organization levels cells-> tissues -> organs -> organ systems
prokaryote/prokaryotic an organism without a nucleus, without membrane-bound organelles, and is unicellular example: bacteria
Eukaryote/Eukaryotic an organism with a nucleus and membrane organelles, can be uni or multicellular example: animals, plants, fungi, protists
cell the smallest part of an organism that is still able to be alive
all cells have... genetic material (DNA or RNA), cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes
organelles structures in the cell that do a specific job. They work together to help the cell function. Think "little organs"
cell membrane (plasma) structure surrounds the outside of all cells. Made of two layers called the phospholipid bilayer.
cell membrane function controls what goes in and out of the cell
hydrophilic "water loving" - this means that it can attach to water
hydrophobic "water fearing" - this means it is pushed away by water
cytoskeleton structure thread like fibers made of proteins in a cell
cytoskeleton function gives the cell shape and provides support for animal cells
cytoplasm structure jelly-like substance, made up mostly of water
cytoplasm function holds everything in place in the cell
nucleus structure looks like a large circle in the middle of the cell contains genetic material (DNA), is surrounded by a nuclear envelope that controls what goes in and out of the nucleus
nucleus function protects DNA that controls the activities of the cell
nucleolus structure inside the nucleus
nucleolus function makes rRNA which make up ribsomes
ribosomes structure look like small circles made of proteins and rRNA, located on the Rough ER and floating in cytoplasm
ribosome function make proteins! packages them to leave the cell
smooth ER structure (endoplasmic reticulum) looks like tunnels outside the nucleus no ribosomes on the surface
smooth ER function makes lipids
rough ER structure (endoplasmic reticulum) looks like bumpy tunnels outside the nucleus has ribosomes on the surface
rough ER function makes proteins! packages them to leave the cell
golgi apparatus structure looks like a stack of pancakes a folded membrane
golgi apparatus function gets vesicles (packages) of protein from the ER and ships them where they need to go
lysosomes structure IN ANIMALS ONLY look like larger circles than ribosomes contain enzymes
lysosome function break down dead stuff (food, bacteria, old cell parts) can do cell self-destruct when the cell gets old
vacuoles structure look like a bubble one large one in plants many small ones in animals
vacuoles function storage of water, nutrients, etc.
centrioles/centrosomes structure IN ANIMALS ONLY look kind of like churros to me, or a sunshine (depending on the angle) made of small microtubules (a pair is called a centrosome)
centrioles/centrosomes structure only appear during cell division help the cell divide by pulling chromosomes apart
cilia and flagella structure ANIMAL AND BACTERIA ONLY cilia - short, many hairs, like oars on a boat flagella - a few long hairs like a tail
cilia and flagella function to move the cell
mitochondria structure looks like a bean with a squiggle inside
mitochondria function cellular respiration (breaks down food to make ATP)
chloroplast structure IN PLANTS ONLY look like a bean with stacks of coins inside, is green
chloroplast job photosynthesis (light energy from sun -> chemical energy in sugar)
cell wall structure NOT IN ANIMALS hard structure around the cell, made of cellulose in plants
cell wall function protect and support the cell
Created by: mharms
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