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AP GOV 1.7-1.9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Federalism | The sharing of powers between the national government and state governments. |
| Supremacy clause | Article VI; places national law, treaties, and presidential action above state authority. A state can disregard federal actions or policies when they violate the Constitution |
| Full faith and credit clause | Article IV; states must regard and honor the laws in other states. |
| Privileges and immunities | Article IV; declares citizens of each state entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states |
| Extradition | Article IV; obligates states to deliver captured fugitive criminals back to the state where they committed the original crime. |
| Ninth amendment | Rights not listed reserved by the people |
| Tenth amendment | Powers not delegated to the federal government reserved by the states. |
| Police powers | State powers which create and enforce laws on health, society, and morals (operate schools and incorporate cities and companies) |
| Exclusive powers | Powers delegated only to the federal government (declare war, regulate interstate commerce, and define immigration and naturalization) |
| Concurrent powers | Powers held by both state and federal governments (levy taxes and enforce laws) |
| Federal grant | Congress addresses national issues with federal dollars by collecting federal tax revenues and distributes these funds to the states to take care of particular national concerns |
| Revenue sharing | A process of federal grant that grants states with the federal government's tax revenue to fund local needs |
| Fiscal federalism | A process of federal grant where the federal government sends money to the states, and attached stipulations/rules and regulations to the funds. |
| Grants-in-aid | Congress directs federal funds to states that qualify for aid and withhold funds when they do not in order to address safety, crime, education, and civil rights |
| Categorical grants | Grants with particular congressional guidelines of requirements that sometimes with string/ conditions of aid. |
| Mandates | Require states to comply with a federal directive, sometimes offering rewards. All branches of government can issue them and they often address civil rights, environmental concerns, and other societal needs. |
| Devolution | The return of power to states. Popularized by Reagan |
| Commerce clause | Empowers Congress to "regulate commerce with other nations, and among the several states." |
| Necessary and proper/ elastic clause | Grants implicit powers |
| Fourteenth amendment | Requires states to guarantee privileges and immunities to its own citizens as well as those from other states |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | Federal government has implied powers and supremacy under the necessary and proper clause and the supremacy clause |
| Dual federalism | The national government is supreme in its sphere and states are equally supreme in their own sphere |
| Doctrine of selective exclusiveness | Asserted that Congress may regulate only when the commodity requires a national uniform rule |
| United States v. Lopez | Congress doesn't have the authority under the commerce clause to outlaw guns near schools since it doesn't impact interstate commerce |
| Violence against women act | Congress passed this act under the commerce clause because they believed domestic violence had a significant cost for tax payers in the form of healthcare, criminal justice expenses, and other costs |
| Teddy Roosevelt | U.S. president who utilized environmental policy and created national monuments, such as the Grand Canyon |
| EPA | Requires any government to file a statement anytime an agency plans a policy that might harm the environment. |
| Clean air act (1970) | Called for improved air quality and decreased contaminants by reducing automobile emissions. |
| Clean water act (1972) | Regulates the discharges of pollution into the waters of the U.S. and monitors quality standards for surface waters |
| Endangered species act | Established a program that empowers the National Fish and Wildlife Service to protect endangered species |
| Superfund | An industry's payment as insurance so taxpayers don't pay for waste cleanup |
| Kyoto protocol | A multi-country agreement that committed the signing nations to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. U.S. Senate didn't achieve the 2/3 support, so the U.S. couldn't sign the treaty |
| Paris agreement (2015) | An agreement on climate change in attempt to limit global temperature. Obama accepted it without the consent of the Senate, while Trump withdrew from it. States still complied with it through checks and balances |
| Reefer Madness | A film that brought attention to marijuana and alleged that cannabis caused users to become deranged and that crimes are committed due to cannabis |
| Controlled substances act | Federal drug policy that categorized heroin, cocaine, and other substances including marijuana in terms of potential harms |
| Gonzales v. Raich (2005) | Ruled that the Constitution's commerce clause entitles Congress to determine what may be brought and sold, so federal marijuana crimes were supported and protected |
| Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) | Federal funding to states if they met requirements in sections, or titles of the act |
| No Child Left Behind Act (2002) | Improved teaching methods, tests to measure progress, and sanctions for underperforming schools |
| Every Student Succeeds Act (2015) | States determine their own standards for educational achievement, while still upholding protections for disadvantaged students. |
Created by:
o.t.2001
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