Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio Unit 1
Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are vacuoles used for? | Storage of water, ions, molecules; central vacuole in plants maintains turgor pressure; eukaryotes. |
| What does the fluid mosaic model describe? | Membrane |
| Which molecules diffuse freely across membranes? | Small, nonpolar molecules (O₂, CO₂). |
| Which molecules require transport proteins to cross membranes? | Large, polar, or charged molecules (glucose, ions). |
| What is simple diffusion? | Movement of molecules down concentration gradient, no energy, no protein. |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | Passive transport down gradient using protein channels or carriers. |
| What is osmosis? | Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Define hypotonic solution and effect on animal vs plant cells. | Lower solute outside → water enters cell. Animal |
| Define hypertonic solution and effect on animal vs plant cells. | Higher solute outside → water leaves cell. Animal |
| Define isotonic solution and effect on animal vs plant cells. | Equal solute inside/outside. Animal |
| What is active transport? | Movement of molecules against gradient; requires ATP and transport proteins (pumps). |
| What is bulk transport? | Endocytosis (in) and exocytosis (out) of large molecules via vesicles. |
| Why are cells small? | High SA:V ratio allows efficient exchange of materials; larger cells are less efficient. |
| Which cell is more efficient at diffusion: one with SA:V of 6:1 or 2:1? | 6:1 cell is more efficient. |
| What evidence supports endosymbiotic theory for mitochondria/chloroplasts? | Double membranes, own DNA & ribosomes, replicate independently. |
| If a dialysis bag with 10% sucrose is placed in 20% sucrose, what happens? | Water leaves the bag (hypertonic outside), bag loses mass. |
| In osmosis lab, what does it mean if potato cores gain mass in solution? | Solution was hypotonic relative to potato cells. |
| What type of graph is used to determine solute potential in plants? | Percent change in mass vs molarity of solution. |
| What is the function of cilia/flagella? | Movement of cells or fluids; 9+2 microtubule arrangement; eukaryotes. |
| What is the function of peroxisomes? | Break down fatty acids and detoxify hydrogen peroxide. |
| Compare prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells. | Prokaryotes: no nucleus, circular DNA, ribosomes only, cell wall. Eukaryotes: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, linear DNA. |
| Name the major types of membrane proteins. | Transport proteins, receptors, cell recognition (glycoproteins/glycolipids), structural/anchoring proteins. |
| What is water potential (ψ) formula? | ψ |
| What are cell junctions in plants vs animals? | Plants: plasmodesmata. Animals: tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes. |
| A cell with many mitochondria is likely specialized for what? | High energy demand activities (e.g., muscle contraction, neuron activity). |
| Root hairs and microvilli help absorption efficiency by…? | Increasing surface area-to-volume ratio for faster exchange of materials. |
| A dialysis bag in solution loses mass over time. What does this mean? | Solution was hypertonic relative to the bag; water moved out. |
| Endosymbiotic theory what does this support | Scientists find an organelle with its own DNA and double membrane. |
| Ribosome | Structure: Two subunits made of RNA and protein. Function: Produces proteins. Cells: Found in all cells (prokaryotes, plants, animals). |
| Golgi Apparatus | Structure: Stack of flattened membranous sacs. Function: Modifies, sorts, and exports proteins. Cells: Eukaryotes (plants & animals). |
| Nucleus | |
| Nucleolus | Structure: Dark-staining region inside the nucleus. Function: Assembles ribosomal subunits. Cells: Eukaryotes (plants & animals). |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Structure: Network of membranous tubules and sacs (no ribosomes). Function: Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies substances. Cells: Eukaryotes (plants & animals). |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Structure: Network of membranous sacs studded with ribosomes. Function: Assembles and modifies proteins. Cells: Eukaryotes (plants & animals). |
| Lysosome | Structure: Membranous sac filled with hydrolytic enzymes. Function: Breaks down ingested substances and recycles organelles. Cells: Animals (rare in plants). |
| Mitochondria | Structure: Double membrane; inner membrane highly folded into cristae. Function: Cellular respiration, ATP production. Cells: Eukaryotes (plants & animals). |
| Chloroplast | Structure: Double membrane with thylakoids containing chlorophyll. Function: Photosynthesis. Cells: Plants and some protists. |
| Plasma Membrane | Structure: Phospholipid bilayer with proteins and cholesterol. Function: Controls movement of materials in/out of cell. Cells: All cells. |
| Cell Wall | Structure: Carbohydrate-based (cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, peptidoglycan in prokaryotes). Function: Provides support and protection. Cells: Plants, fungi, prokaryotes (not animals). |
| Cytoskeleton | Structure: Network of protein fibers (microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments). Function: Provides support, shape, and movement. Cells: Eukaryotes (plants & animals); prokaryotes have a simpler version. |
| What is meant by compartmentalization? | Dividing the cell into parts and isolating specific functions in certain organelles. |
| Why do cells exhibit compartmentalization? | It increases efficiency of the cell by allowing specialized environments and processes. |
| What evolutionary benefit does compartmentalization provide? | Increased efficiency leads to increased reproductive success and survival. |
| What evidence for evolution do cells provide? | Cells share conserved core life processes; mitochondria and chloroplasts provide evidence of endosymbiosis because they are similar to prokaryotes (own DNA, double membranes, replicate independently). |
| What are the functions of the plasma membrane and its components? | Controls movement of materials in and out of the cell. Phospholipids |
| Explain processes in cells and the parts used: Protein synthesis | Ribosomes assemble proteins, RER modifies them, Golgi apparatus packages/exports them. |
| Explain processes in cells and the parts used: Energy conversion | Mitochondria perform cellular respiration; chloroplasts (plants) perform photosynthesis. |
| Explain processes in cells and the parts used: Waste breakdown & recycling | Lysosomes digest macromolecules and damaged organelles; peroxisomes detoxify harmful substances. |
Created by:
user-1982482
Popular Biology sets