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Lab Exam #3 Guide
The Skeletal System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Function: Support? | Provides framework for body |
| Function: Protection? | Protects organs – skull, vertebrae, rib cage |
| Function: Anchorage? | Muscles attach → allows movement |
| Function: Mineral Storage? | Calcium & Phosphate |
| Function: Blood Cell Formation? | Hematopoiesis in red bone marrow |
| Function: Triglyceride Storage? | Fat in yellow bone marrow |
| Function: Hormone Production? | Osteocalcin |
| Two subdivisions of skeleton? | Axial & Appendicular |
| What is cartilage made of? | Water-rich ground substance & chondrocytes in lacunae |
| Does cartilage have nerves/blood vessels? | No |
| What surrounds cartilage? | Perichondrium |
| 3 Types of Cartilage? | Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage |
| Hyaline cartilage function? | Support + resilience, most common |
| Elastic cartilage function & location? | Flexible, repeated bending; ear & epiglotti |
| Fibrocartilage function & location? | Strong, withstands pressure; intervertebral discs, knee |
| Cartilage growth types? | Appositional (outside) & Interstitial (inside) |
| How many bones in adult skeleton? | 206 |
| 4 types of bones? | Long, Short, Flat, Irregular |
| Compact bone? | Smooth & solid |
| Spongy bone? | Trabeculae (mesh-like) |
| Short, flat, irregular bones structure? | Thin spongy bone plates covered by compact bone |
| Diaphysis? | Shaft; compact bone, medullary cavity w/ yellow marrow |
| Epiphyses? | Ends; spongy bone, thin articular cartilage |
| Periosteum layers? | Fibrous (outer), Osteogenic (inner) |
| Endosteum? | Lines trabeculae & canals, same cells as periosteum |
| Blood supply to bone? | Nutrient artery/vein via nutrient foramen |
| Osteon? | Central canal + lamellae |
| 3 lamellae types? | Concentric, Interstitial, Circumferential |
| Central (Haversian) canal? | Parallel, carries vessels & nerves |
| Volkmann’s canal? | Perpendicular, connects interior & exterior |
| Lacunae? | Spaces for osteocytes |
| Canaliculi? | Small canals linking osteocytes |
| Organic bone components? | Cells + osteoid (collagen, ground substance) → resist tension |
| Inorganic components? | Hydroxyapatite (Ca phosphate salts) → resist compression |
| Fetal bones form by? | Endochondral ossification (except clavicles) |
| Primary ossification center? | Diaphysis (shaft) |
| Epiphyseal plate zones? | Proliferation → Hypertrophic → Ossification |
| 3 phases of bone remodeling? | Resorption → Reversal → Formation |
| Purpose of remodeling? | Adapt bone, repair microdamage, lifelong process |
| Nondisplaced vs Displaced? | Ends aligned vs. not aligned |
| Complete vs Incomplete fracture? | Full break vs partial |
| Open vs Closed fracture? | Breaks skin vs doesn’t |
| Fracture repair steps? | Hematoma → Fibrocartilaginous callus → Bone callus → Remodeling |
| Osteoporosis? | Bone resorption > formation → brittle bones |
| Osteogenesis imperfecta? | Genetic, brittle bone disease |
| Osteosarcoma? | Bone cancer |
| Paget’s disease? | Excess bone breakdown & abnormal remodeling |
| How many bones in fetal skeleton? | 275–300 |
| What are fontanels? | Soft spots (fibrous membranes) in fetal skull |
| Purpose of fontanels? | Childbirth compression & brain growth |
| When do fontanels ossify? | By 20–22 months |
| What type of cartilage dominates in embryos? | Hyaline cartilage |
| What happens to cartilage in adults? | Most is replaced by ossified tissue (bone) |
| Why is cartilage resilient? | Springs back after being compressed |
| What is the skeletal system composed of? | Bone and cartilage |
| Where do bones connect? | At joints (articulations) |
| Appositional growth definition? | Cartilage-forming cells in perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external surface of existing cartilage |
| Interstitial growth definition? | Lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide & secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within |
| Osteoprogenitor cells function? | Stem cells → give rise to osteoblasts |
| Osteoblasts function? | Bone-forming cells → secrete bone matrix (osteoid) |
| Osteocytes function? | Mature bone cells in lacunae → maintain bone matrix |
| Osteoclasts function? | Bone-destroying cells → resorb bone |
| Which bones form by endochondral ossification? | All bones inferior to the skull except the collarbones. |
| What type of cartilage serves as the pattern for bone formation in endochondral ossification? | Hyaline cartilage “bones.” |
| Where do the major events of endochondral ossification begin? | In the center of the shaft of developing long bones |
| What happens to the fibrous membrane covering the hyaline cartilage model? | It becomes vascularized and converts into a periosteum. |
| What do osteoblasts at the inner surface of the periosteum do? | Secrete bone matrix around the hyaline cartilage model, forming a bone collar. |
| What happens to the cartilage in the shaft center during endochondral ossification? | It calcifies and hollows out, forming an internal cavity. |
| What is the periosteal bud? | Blood vessels, nerves, red marrow elements, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts that invade the cavity. |
| What does the cavity invaded by the periosteal bud become? | The medullary cavity. |
| How does the process of ossification spread from the primary ossification center? | It proceeds in both directions from the center of the shaft. |
| As bones grow longer, what happens to the medullary cavity? | It gets larger and larger. |
| How do bones continue lengthening at the epiphyseal plate? | Chondroblasts lay down new cartilage on the epiphyseal face → cartilage is eroded away → replaced by bony spicules. |
| When does epiphyseal plate activity end? | In late adolescence, when the entire plate is replaced by bone. |
| What is a tuberosity? | Large rounded projection; may be roughened. |
| What is a crest? | Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent. |
| What is a trochanter? | Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (only on femur). |
| What is a line? | Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest. |
| What is a tubercle? | Small rounded projection or process. |
| What is an epicondyle? | Raised area above a condyle. |
| What is a spine (bone marking)? | Sharp, slender, often pointed projection. |
| What is a process? | Any bony prominence. |
| What is a head (bone marking)? | Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck. |
| What is a facet? | Smooth, nearly flat articular surface. |
| What is a condyle? | Rounded articular projection. |
| What is a ramus? | Armlike bar of bone. |
| What is a groove? | Furrow |
| What is a fissure? | Narrow, slit-like opening. |
| What is a foramen? | Round or oval opening through a bone |
| What is a notch? | Indentation at the edge of a structure. |
| What is a meatus? | Canal-like passageway. |
| What is a sinus? | Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane. |
| What is a fossa? | Shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface. |
| How many cranial and facial bones are in the skull? | 8 cranial, 14 facial. |
| Which bone is not cranial or facial but related to the skull? | Hyoid bone (only bone that does not articulate with another bone). |
| Name the 14 facial bones. | Mandible, Maxilla (2), Zygomatic (2), Nasal (2), Lacrimal (2), Palatine (2), Vomer, Inferior Nasal Conchae (2). |
| Function of the vomer? | Forms part of nasal septum. |
| Function of inferior nasal conchae? | Form part of lateral nasal walls; largest conchae pair. |
| Name the 8 cranial bones. | Frontal, Parietal (2), Occipital, Temporal (2), Sphenoid, Ethmoid. |
| What does the frontal bone form? | Anterior cranium, forehead, supraorbital margins. |
| What is the glabella? | Smooth area between orbits. |
| What does the supraorbital foramen allow? | Passage of artery & nerve. |
| Location of parietal bones? | Superior cranium, connected via sagittal suture. |
| What large opening is in the occipital bone? | Foramen magnum (spinal cord exit). |
| What articulates with the atlas (C1)? | Occipital condyles. |
| What are the protrusions/ridges of the occipital bone? | External occipital crest & protuberance. |
| Key features of temporal bone? | Squamous region, zygomatic process, mandibular fossa, external acoustic meatus, mastoid process. |
| Why is sphenoid called “keystone bone”? | Articulates with all other cranial bones. |
| What does the sella turcica house? | Pituitary gland. |
| What passes through optic canals? | Optic nerves. |
| Where is the ethmoid bone located? | Between nasal cavity & orbits. |
| What are cribriform plates? | Roof of nasal cavity |
| What projects superiorly from ethmoid for dura mater attachment? | Crista galli. |
| Which bones form the nasal cavity? | Ethmoid, Palatine, Maxilla, Inferior nasal conchae, Vomer. |
| Which bones have paranasal sinuses? | Frontal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Maxilla. |
| Function of sinuses? | Moisten/warm air, lighten skull, enhance resonance of speech. |
| Approximate length of adult vertebral column? | 70 cm. |
| Total number of vertebrae in adult? | 26 irregular bones. |
| 5 major regions of vertebral column? | Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccyx. |
| What sits between vertebrae? | Intervertebral discs (fibrocartilage). |
| What passes through vertebral foramen? | Spinal cord. |
| What are the projections from vertebral arch? | Spinous process (posterior), transverse processes (lateral), articular processes (superior & inferior). |
| What are C1 and C2 called? | Atlas (C1), Axis (C2). |
| Function of Atlas (C1)? | Supports skull, allows nodding "yes". |
| Function of Axis (C2)? | Has dens that allows skull rotation, nodding "no". |
| Function of sacrum? | Forms posterior pelvis; articulates with L5 & coxal bones. |
| What is the sacral promontory? | Anterosuperior ridge bulging into pelvic cavity. |
| What are anterior sacral foramina? | Openings for blood vessels & nerves. |
| What is the sacral hiatus? | Posterior opening due to failure of fusion of lower vertebrae. |
| What does the coccyx articulate with? | Superiorly with sacrum. |
| What are the 3 parts of the sternum? | Manubrium (with clavicular notches & jugular notch), Body, Xiphoid process |
| How many ribs are there? | 12 pairs. |
| True vs false ribs? | True (1–7) attach directly to sternum; False (8–12) attach indirectly or not at all. |
| What are floating ribs? | Last 2 pairs (11–12), no anterior attachment. |
| What are main parts of a rib? | Head, Neck, Tubercle, Shaft. |
| What is another term for articulations? | Joints |
| What are the two main functions of joints? | Hold bones together and allow the rigid skeleton some flexibility |
| What connects muscle to bone? | Tendon |
| What connects bone to bone and helps stabilize joints? | Ligaments |
| What are the three types of joints based on movement and give an example of each? | Synarthroses (immovable, e.g., sutures), Amphiarthroses (slightly movable, e.g., intervertebral, pubic symphysis), Diarthroses (freely movable, e.g., elbow, wrist, hip) |
| What are the three types of joints based on structure? | Fibrous (bones joined by fibrous tissue, no joint cavity), Cartilaginous (bones joined with cartilage, no joint cavity), Synovial (bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity) |
| What is the distinguishing feature of a synovial joint? | Bones are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid |
| Name six distinguishing structures of all synovial joints. | Articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and blood vessels |
| bursae | are flattened sacs with synovial fluid reducing friction |
| tendon sheaths | elongated bursae that wrap around tendons |
| Name the six types of synovial joints. | Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle, Ball-and-Socket |
| Give an example of a plane (gliding) joint. | Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, or between articular processes of vertebrae |
| Which synovial joint is the most freely moving in the body? | Shoulder (Glenohumeral) |
| Which synovial joint is the largest and most complex in the body? | Knee (femoropatellar and tibiofemoral joints) |
| What are the three factors that influence synovial joint stability? | Shape of articular surfaces (minor role), number and location of ligaments (minor role), muscle tone (major role) |
| Define origin and insertion in terms of muscle attachment. | Origin is the stationary or less movable attachment; insertion is the movable attachment |
| What type of movement decreases the angle between two bones? | Flexion |
| What type of movement increases the angle between two bones? | Extension |
| What is hyperextension? | Movement beyond the anatomical position |
| Define abduction | Abduction is movement away from the midline |
| Define adduction | adduction is movement toward the midline |
| What is circumduction? | Circular movement involving flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of a limb; the limb describes a cone in space |
| What is rotation in terms of joint movement? | Turning of a bone around its own long axis, toward the midline (medial) or away from it (lateral) |
| Give examples of rotation. | Rotation between C1 and C2 vertebrae; rotation of humerus and femur |
| What is supination? | Rotation of the forearm so that the palms face anteriorly and the radius and ulna are parallel |
| What is pronation? | Rotation of the forearm so that the palms face posteriorly and the radius rotates over the ulna |
| What is dorsiflexion of the foot? | Bending the foot toward the shin |
| What is plantar flexion of the foot? | Pointing the toes downward |
| What is inversion of the foot? | Turning the sole of the foot medially |
| What is eversion of the foot? | Turning the sole of the foot laterally |
| Define protraction. | Moving a body part forward, such as jutting the mandible out |
| Define retraction. | Moving a body part backward, such as pulling the mandible toward the neck |
| What is elevation? | Lifting a body part superiorly, e.g., shrugging shoulders |
| What is depression? | Lowering a body part, e.g., opening the jaw |
| What is opposition? | Movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers, allowing grasping |
| What are nonaxial movements in synovial joints? | Movements that allow gliding only |
| What are uniaxial movements in synovial joints? | Movement in one plane only |
| What are biaxial movements in synovial joints? | Movement in two planes |
| What are multiaxial movements in synovial joints? | Movement in or around all three planes of space and axes |
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mdonovan8742
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