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EX2: nondeclar. mem
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| william james' definition of memory | knowledge of a former state of mind after it has already once dropped from consciousness; |
| nondeclarative (implicit) memory | constellation of learning and memory functions that do not depend on conscious access to a prior event, expressed through performance on a behavioral task |
| nondeclarative memory | independent of hippocampal function subtypes of nondeclarative memory are specialized by different brain regions |
| priming | facilitation of processing a stimulus by previous exposure to that stimulus relative to a novel stimulus (cerebral cortex) , usually measured as reaction time |
| types of priming | perceptual, conceptual, semantic |
| perceptual priming | two phases: study phase and test phase (in test phase, mix primes and novel items) activity reductions in sensory areas – faster processing based on prior exposure to perceptual attributes of verbal stimulus |
| perceptual tests | word stem completion, fragment completion, picture completion |
| perceptual priming dissociations from declarative memory | functional (behavioral) dissociations, developmental dissociations, pathological double dissociations |
| functional (behavioral) dissociations | perceptual priming is sensitive to the format of items but declarative memory is not, perceptual priming works best when study and test items are in the same sensory modality (e.g., auditory, visual), font, color, etc. |
| developmental dissociations | perceptual priming likely emerges prior to declarative memory in toddlers and is relatively preserved in older adults |
| pathological double dissociations | MTL damage (amnesia, Alzheimers) affects declarative memory but not perceptual priming. Damage to extra-striate visual areas impairs visual perceptual priming but not declarative memory |
| depth of processing | deep (semantic) processing yields better declarative memory than shallow (perceptual) processing. deep processing requires judgement about meaning of stimulus during encoding, shallow processing only requires minimal perceptual processing and no meaning |
| neural mechanisms of perceptual priming | repetition suppression |
| repetition suppression | Repetition suppression (reduced activity to repeated (primed) words relative to novel words during the priming test) Word repetition priming yields activity decrements in visual processing regions and regions of PFC (need less visual effort) |
| repetition suppression in fusiform gyrus in perceptual priming test | brain activity during the test showed gradient of suppression (activity reductions) based on how perceptually similar the items were to the studies items |
| conceptual priming | category generation, general knowledge tests |
| neural mechanisms of conceptual priming | dependent on laPFC does not show functional-developmental dissociations from declarative memory like perceptual priming (bc it's PFC dependent) but it is intact in amnesia |
| semantic priming | primes and targets are not the same but semantically related, only lasts a few seconds, due to spreading activation in semantic associative networks |
| semantic priming | thought to be a mechanism that facilitates reading based on co-occurrences of words in written language |
| neural mechanisms of semantic priming | associated with N400 ERP and lateral anterior temporal lobe activity reductions, especially when targets follow primes quickly (short prime-target intervals) |
| direct repetition priming vs. indirect priming | direct repetition= short or long term, perceptual or conceptual indirect= short term only, semantic |
| types of skill learning | motor skills, perceptual skills, cognitive skills |
| skill learning | basal ganglia: gradual facilitation of behavior due to extensive practice |
| cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical loops in skill learning | can get shifts of activity at different phases of skill learning, often an activity reduction over time (but not always) |
| motor skill learning | learning to ride a bike, typing, instrument, sports |
| mirror drawing | as a motor skill (procedural drawing) is also dependent on basal ganglia- number of errors declined with practice in controls but not in Parkinsons patients |
| probabilistic classification (weather prediction) task (cognitive skill learning) | participants gradually learn to predict the weather based on probabilistic associations with specific cards, can't explicitly memorize each card association due to task complexity, so learning is driven by trial by trial feedback |
| impairments and skill learning | basal ganglia damage (parkinson) impairs learning but hippocampal damage (amnesia) does not |
| basal ganglia involvement in learning | especially involved in learning from feedback dopaminergic signaling in BG especially important for opdating knowledge based on immediate trial and error feedback on whether performance on task was correct cuts across all skill learning tasks |
| Palombo reading | if trial feedback involves learning monetary reward values (which trials give you more money) then the hippocampus may also get involved, then there is interaction between basal ganglia and hippocampal systems for value-based learning |
| perceptual priming | tends to lead to repetition suppression in sensory areas |
| conceptual priming | tends to lead to repetition suppression in anterior PFC |
| semantic priming | only short term and is related to reductions in N400 amplitutde and anterior temporal lobe activity, due to spreading activations in semantic networks, facilitates reading |
| value-based feedback learning | shows that it is difficult to fully separate declarative and nondeclarative systems, given that healthy people may try to engage both systems to learn a task and the systems may interact for certain types of learning |
| experimental manipulation dissociation | change in perceptual features between study and test, or depth of processing manipulations during initial encoding |
| procedural (skill) learning | depends on basal ganglia function as embedded in cortical-striatal-thalamo-cortical loops and cuts across perceptual, motor, and cognitive domains. |
Created by:
justinem
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