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Microbiology lab exa
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Microscope | Instrument used to view small objects using lenses |
| Compound light microscope | Microscope that uses visible light and multiple lenses to magnify specimens |
| Ocular lens | Eyepiece lens, usually 10X magnification |
| Objective lens | Lenses close to the specimen providing different magnifications (10X, 40X, 100X oil) |
| Total magnification | Ocular lens × objective lens magnification |
| Resolving power | Ability of a microscope to distinguish two adjacent points |
| Working distance | Distance between the objective lens and the specimen when in focus |
| Parfocal | Once an object is in focus under one lens, it remains nearly in focus when switching objectives |
| Nosepiece | Rotating turret holding the objective lenses |
| Arm | Supports the microscope and used for carrying |
| Stage | Platform that holds the slide |
| Stage adjustment knobs | Move the slide left/right and forward/backward |
| Coarse adjustment knob | Makes large focusing movements; used with low power |
| Fine adjustment knob | Provides sharp focus; used with high power and oil immersion |
| Diaphragm | Controls amount of light entering the condenser |
| Light/Illuminator | Provides light to view the specimen |
| Base | Supports the microscope |
| Thallus | Fungal body composed of hyphae |
| Hyphae | Tubular growth units of fungi |
| Mycelium | Mass of branched hyphae |
| Vegetative hyphae | Hyphae that obtain nutrients |
| Aerial hyphae | Hyphae involved in reproduction |
| Septate hyphae | Hyphae with cross-walls |
| Coenocytic hyphae | Hyphae lacking cross-walls |
| Yeast | Unicellular fungus |
| Budding yeast | Yeast that divides unevenly |
| Fission yeast | Yeast that divides evenly |
| Dimorphic fungi | Fungi that grow as yeast at 37°C and mold at 25°C |
| Conidiospore | Asexual fungal spore not enclosed in a sac |
| Arthroconidia | Asexual spore formed by fragmentation of septate hyphae |
| Blastoconidia | Asexual spore budded from a parent cell |
| Chlamydoconidium | Asexual spore formed inside a hyphal segment |
| Sporangiospore | Asexual spore enclosed in a sac |
| Chytridiomycota | Fungal phylum; produce motile zoospores |
| Zygomycota | Fungal phylum; conjugated fungi |
| Ascomycota | Fungal phylum; sac fungi |
| Basidiomycota | Fungal phylum; club fungi |
| Glomeromycota | Recently described fungal phylum |
| Deuteromycota | Fungi that reproduce only asexually |
| Protists | Eukaryotic microbes including protozoa and algae |
| Algae | Photosynthetic eukaryotes with chlorophyll a + accessory pigments |
| Trophozoite | Feeding and growing stage of protozoa |
| Cyst | Dormant stage of protozoa for survival |
| Mastigophora/Flagellates | Protozoa that move with flagella |
| Sarcodina | Protozoa that move using pseudopodia |
| Ciliates | Protozoa that move with cilia |
| Sporozoa | Non-motile, parasitic protozoa |
| Plasmodium | Protozoan that causes malaria |
| Trypanosoma gambiense | Protozoan that causes African sleeping sickness |
| Giardia lamblia | Protozoan that causes giardiasis |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | Protozoan that causes vaginitis (STD) |
| Helminths | Parasitic worms |
| Dioecious | Having separate male and female individuals |
| Monoecious | Having both male and female reproductive organs in one individual |
| Platyhelminthes | Phylum of flatworms |
| Trematodes | Flat, leaf-shaped flukes with suckers |
| Cestodes | Tapeworms with scolex and proglottids |
| Scolex | Head of tapeworm with suckers for attachment |
| Proglottid | Body segment of tapeworm containing reproductive organs |
| Nematoda | Phylum of roundworms |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | Human intestinal roundworm; eggs infective |
| Baylisascaris procyonis | Raccoon roundworm; eggs infective |
| Trichuris trichiura | Whipworm; eggs infective |
| Enterobius vermicularis | Pinworm; eggs infective |
| Strongyloides | Roundworm; larvae infective |
| Necator americanus | Hookworm; larvae enter through skin |
| Ancylostoma duodenale | Hookworm; larvae enter through skin |
| Dirofilaria immitis | Dog heartworm; larvae infective, transmitted by mosquitoes |
| Prokaryote | Cell type lacking a nucleus |
| Bacteria | Smallest prokaryotic cells (<1 µm) |
| Cyanobacteria | Photosynthetic prokaryotes that produce oxygen |
| Heterocysts | Specialized cyanobacterial cells for nitrogen fixation |
| Akinetes | Specialized cyanobacterial reproductive cells for survival |
| Bacillus | Rod-shaped bacterium |
| Coccus | Spherical-shaped bacterium |
| Spiral | Spiral-shaped bacterium |
| Vibrio | One-half spiral turn bacterium |
| Spirillum | Loosely wound spiral-shaped bacterium |
| Spirochete | Tightly wound spiral-shaped bacterium |
| Diplococci | Pairs of spherical bacteria |
| Diplobacilli | Pairs of rod-shaped bacteria |
| Streptococci | Chains of cocci |
| Streptobacilli | Chains of rods |
| Staphylococci | Clusters of cocci |
| Tetrads | Groups of 4 cocci |
| Sarcinae | Cubelike groups of 8 cocci |
| What type of microscope will you be using in this lab? | Compound light microscope |
| What does magnification mean? | The enlargement of a real image using one or more lenses |
| How do you calculate total magnification? | Multiply the ocular lens magnification × objective lens magnification |
| What is the usual magnification of the ocular lens (eyepiece)? | 10X |
| What are the three main objective lenses and their magnifications? | 10X, 40X, and 100X (oil immersion) |
| Define resolving power (resolution). | The ability of a microscope to distinguish between two adjacent points |
| What happens to resolution as wavelength decreases? | Resolution increases |
| Define working distance. | The distance between the objective lens and the specimen when in focus |
| What happens to working distance as magnification increases? | Working distance decreases, and more light is required |
| What does it mean if a microscope is parfocal? | Once in focus under one lens, the specimen remains nearly in focus when switching to another lens |
| What is the function of the ocular lens? | Provides 10X magnification of the image |
| What is the function of the nosepiece? | Holds and rotates the objective lenses |
| What is the function of the arm? | Supports the microscope and is used for carrying |
| What is the function of the stage? | Platform that holds the slide |
| What is the function of the stage adjustment knobs? | Move the slide left/right and forward/backward |
| What is the function of the coarse adjustment knob? | Makes large focusing movements; used with low power objectives |
| What is the function of the fine adjustment knob? | Provides sharp focus; used for high power and oil immersion |
| What is the function of the objective lenses? | Provide varying magnifications (10X, 40X, 100X oil immersion) |
| What is the function of the diaphragm? | Controls the amount of light entering the condenser |
| What is the function of the light/illuminator? | Provides light to view the specimen |
| What is the function of the base? | Supports the microscope |
| When starting to view a specimen, which objective should you begin with? | The lowest power objective |
| Why should you rotate objectives clockwise? | To prevent oil from getting on non-oil immersion lenses |
| What should you use to clean microscope lenses? | Only lens paper |
| What should you always do before storing the microscope? | Remove the slide, clean lenses, clean stage/condenser if needed |
| How should you carry the microscope? | With two hands—one on the arm, one under the base |
| How should the microscope be stored? | With the lowest power objective in place and the stage lowered all the way down |
| What is the fungal body called? | Thallus |
| What are the tubular growth units of fungi called? | Hyphae |
| What is a mass of hyphae called? | Mycelium |
| What is the difference between vegetative and aerial hyphae? | Vegetative hyphae obtain nutrients; aerial hyphae are involved in reproduction |
| Difference between septate and coenocytic hyphae? | Septate have cross-walls; coenocytic lack cross-walls |
| Are yeasts unicellular or multicellular? | Unicellular |
| How do budding yeasts divide? | Unevenly |
| How do fission yeasts divide? | Evenly |
| What are dimorphic fungi? | Fungi that grow as yeasts at 37°C and as molds at 25°C |
| Name the five types of asexual spores. | Conidiospores, arthroconidia, blastoconidia, chlamydoconidia, sporangiospores |
| Which spore type is enclosed in a sac? | Sporangiospore |
| Which spore is formed by fragmentation of septate hyphae? | Arthroconidia |
| Which spore forms inside a hyphal segment? | Chlamydoconidium |
| What is the primary method of fungal identification in clinical labs? | Microscopic examination of asexual spores |
| Name the 5 true phyla of fungi. | Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Glomeromycota |
| Which group of fungi only reproduces asexually? | Deuteromycota |
| What are protists? | Eukaryotic microbes grouped by DNA analysis; include protozoa & algae |
| What makes algae unique among protists? | They are photosynthetic, contain chlorophyll a + other pigments, and may have flagella or glide |
| What ecological role do algae play? | Oxygen producers and primary producers in aquatic ecosystems and soil |
| What is the feeding/growing stage of protozoa called? | Trophozoite |
| What stage allows protozoa to survive harsh conditions? | Cyst |
| What are the two types of protozoan reproduction? | Asexual (fission, budding, schizogony) and sexual (conjugation) |
| How are protozoa classified into groups? | By method of motility |
| Which protozoan group moves with flagella? Give an example. | Mastigophora/Flagellates; Giardia lamblia |
| Which protozoan group uses pseudopodia for movement? | Sarcodina; Entamoeba histolytica |
| Which protozoan group moves with cilia? | Ciliates; Paramecium caudatum |
| Which protozoan group is non-motile and parasitic? | Sporozoa; Plasmodium |
| What protozoan causes malaria? What transmits it? | Plasmodium spp.; Anopheles mosquito |
| Which protozoan causes African sleeping sickness? Vector? | Trypanosoma gambiense; Tsetse fly |
| Which protozoan causes giardiasis and how is it transmitted? | Giardia lamblia; via contaminated drinking water |
| Which protozoan causes vaginitis and is sexually transmitted? | Trichomonas vaginalis |
| What are helminths? | Parasitic worms (multicellular eukaryotic animals) |
| Why are helminths studied in microbiology? | They cause human disease, have microscopic stages, and complex host life cycles |
| Define dioecious vs. monoecious. | Dioecious = separate male & female; monoecious = both sexes in one individual |
| Which helminth phylum contains flatworms? | Platyhelminthes |
| Which helminth phylum contains roundworms? | Nematoda |
| What are trematodes and their characteristics? | Flukes; flat, leaf-shaped, with ventral/oral suckers; absorb food through cuticle |
| Give two examples of trematodes. | Paragonimus (lung fluke), Schistosoma (blood fluke) |
| What are cestodes and their characteristics? | Tapeworms; have scolex (head with suckers), absorb nutrients, body divided into proglottids |
| What is a scolex? | Head of a tapeworm, with suckers for attachment |
| What is a proglottid? | Body segment of a tapeworm containing both male & female reproductive organs |
| What are nematodes and their general features? | Roundworms; cylindrical, complete digestive system, usually dioecious |
| Name examples of nematodes where eggs are infective. | Ascaris lumbricoides, Baylisascaris procyonis, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis |
| Name examples of nematodes where larvae are infective. | Strongyloides, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, Dirofilaria immitis |
| Which helminth causes pinworm infections? | Enterobius vermicularis |
| Which helminth is known as the whipworm? | Trichuris trichiura |
| Which helminths enter through the skin and travel to the intestines? | Hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) |
| Which nematode causes dog heartworm and how is it transmitted? | Dirofilaria immitis; spread by mosquitoes |
| This type of cell lacks a nucleus. | Prokaryote |
| What pigment is found in cyanobacteria but not bacteria? | Chlorophyll a |
| What are heterocysts specialized for? | Nitrogen fixation |
| What are akinetes specialized for? | Specialized reproductive cells (survival) |
| A tightly wound spiral-shaped bacterium is called a: | Spirochete |
| Streptococci refers to what arrangement? | Chains of cocci |
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mahak
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