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Unit 3
DNA structure & Cell Cycle
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cancer | a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division, caused by a failure to regulate cell cycle mechanisms and checkpoints |
| Cell cycle | the sequence of events that result in cell growth and ultimately the division into two daughter cells |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, which is self-replicating and contains the code to make all proteins needed by an organism |
| DNA replication | the process by which a copy of DNA is made by separating the two strands and building a complementary strand on each of the original strands |
| Mitosis | the process of nuclear division, that along with cytokinesis produces two genetically identical daughter cells |
| Adenine | –A nitrogen base found in DNA that pairs with thymine. |
| Carcinogen | –A substance that can cause cancer by damaging DNA or disrupting cell growth. |
| Chromosomes | –Tightly coiled DNA and proteins that carry genetic information inside the nucleus. |
| Complementary Strand | –The matching strand of DNA formed using base pair rules (A with T, C with G). |
| Cytokinesis | –The final step of cell division where the cytoplasm splits, forming two separate cells. |
| Cytosine | –A nitrogen base in DNA that pairs with guanine. |
| Deoxyribose Sugar | –The sugar molecule that forms part of the DNA backbone. |
| DNA Helicase– | The enzyme that “unzips” DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases. |
| DNA Polymerase | –The enzyme that builds new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the original strand. |
| Double Helix– | The twisted ladder shape of DNA. |
| Guanine | –A nitrogen base in DNA that pairs with cytosine. |
| Interphase | –The longest part of the cell cycle when the cell grows, copies DNA, and prepares to divide. |
| Lagging Strand | –The DNA strand built in short segments (Okazaki fragments) during replication. |
| Leading Strand | –The DNA strand built continuously during replication. |
| Nitrogen Base | –The building blocks of DNA (A, T, C, G) that carry genetic information. |
| Nuclear Membrane | –The barrier around the nucleus that controls what enters and leaves. |
| Nucleotide | –The basic unit of DNA, made of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. |
| Nucleus | –The “control center” of the cell that holds DNA. |
| Organism | Any living thing, single-celled bacteria to complex plants and animals |
| Phosphate Group | –Part of a nucleotide that helps form the DNA backbone. |
| Semiconservative | –The idea that each new DNA molecule has one old strand and one new strand after replication. |
| Somatic Cell | –Any body cell that is not a sperm or egg cell. |
| Thymine | –A nitrogen base in DNA that pairs with adenine. |
| Homeostasis | The regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions that are suitable for survival. |
| Self-regulated process | Achieved by balancing concentrations of molecules (Ex: ions and sugars). |
| Cellular transport | The movement of molecules across a cell membrane. |
| Concentration gradient | The difference in the amount of a molecule between two areas (Ex: concentration inside and outside of a cell). |
| Cell membrane permeability | The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell to maintain homeostasis; refers to how easily molecules can pass through. |
| Semi-permeable | A barrier that allows certain molecules to pass through. |
| Passive transport | The movement of molecules across a cell membrane without the use of energy. |
| Simple diffusion | The movement of molecules across a cell membrane. |
| Facilitated diffusion | The movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the aid of a membrane protein. |
| Osmosis | The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane. |
| Hypertonicity | When the concentration of solutes is higher outside of the cell than inside; water will have a net movement out of the cell. |
| Hypotonicity | When the concentration of solutes is lower outside of the cell than inside; water will have a net movement into the cell. |
| Isotonic | When the concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside the cell; water will not have a net movement inside or outside of the cell. |
| Active transport | The movement of molecules across the cell membrane using ATP energy. |
| Sodium-potassium pump | The membrane protein uses ATP energy to move 3 sodium ions (Na+) outside of the cell against the Na+ concentration gradient and 2 potassium ions (K-) into the cell against the K- concentration gradient. |
| Bulk transport | The process of moving large molecules into or out of the cell. |
| Endocytosis | The process of a cell taking in a large molecule by surrounding and engulfing it with its cell membrane. |
| Exocytosis | The process of a cell releasing a large molecule into the extracellular environment. |
Created by:
mspeicher
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