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Bio: Carbohydrates

Bio Exam 1

Polymers a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks---carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
monomers the repeating units that serve as building blocks in polymers
Dehydration synthesis monomers bound together-- hydroxyl (OH) from one molecule bonds to hydrogen of other molecule, which makes WATER and the H2O is released
Hydrolysis water is added to reaction to BREAK the bonds and release individual subunits since water's electronegativity is strong
carbohydrate (ratio) made of monomer monosaccharides containing C, H, O in ratio of 1:2:1 (CH2O)
monosaccharide one sugar and made of 3-7 carbon atoms--most of carbons have a hydroxyl (OH) group and at least one carbon is a carbonyl in linear form (C=O)
disaccharide two monomers linked together due to dehydration
oligosaccharide small polymer (3-10 monomers)
polysaccharide polymer (hundreds to thousands of monomers)--- multiple glucose molecules bound by glycosidic bonds
pentose 5 carbon sugar
common monosaccharides glucose - energy for cells galactose - part of milk sugar fructose - sucrose in fruit
monosaccharide as alpha glucose ring OH at bottom and H at top
monosaccharide as beta glucose ring OH at top and H at bottom
Aldose contain carbonyl (C=O) aldehyde at end of carbon chain
Ketose contain carbonyl (C=O) ketone in middle of carbon chain
stereoisomers same molecules with same connectivity, but different spatial arrangements
glucose, galactose and fructose are ___ isomers structural (diff connectivity and arrangements, but same number of elements)
glucose and galactose are ____ isomers stereoisomers (same connectivity, but diff spatial arrangement)
common disaccharides maltose (glucose 2x) - beer lactose (glucose + galactose) - milk sucrose (glucose + fructose) - table sugarc
common polysaccharides starch - potatoes glycogen - glucose in humans cellulose - plant cell walls peptidoglycan - bacterial wall cell chitin - exoskeleton in insects
1-4 glycosidic bond carbon in 1 position bonded to carbon in 4th position (start counting from right to left)
1-6 glycosidic bond carbon in 1 position bonded to carbon in 6th position (start counting from right to left)
Created by: user-1985217
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