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Grammar Assessment 6
Covering content from chapter 6: Choosing Adjectivals
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adjectival | Any structure, no matter what its form, that functions as a modifier of a noun--that is, that functions as an adjective normally functions. |
| Adjective | One of the 4 open classes, whose members act as modifiers of nouns; most can be inflected for comparative and superlative degree. |
| Antecedent | The noun or nominal that a pronoun refers to: "Max" said he would come. |
| Broad reference | A pronoun that refers to a complete sentence rather than to a specific nominal form. The clause is introduced by "which." Judd told jokes all evening, "which annoyed the guests." |
| Case | A feature of nouns and certain pronouns that denotes their function in the sentence. Pronouns have 3 case distinctions: subjective, possessive, and objective. Nouns have only one: the possessive (John's cat, the cat's.) |
| Dangling modifier | A phrase or elliptical clause with a verb form placed so that it has no clear relationship to its subject. The dangling participle phrase occurs when the sentence subject is not also the subject of the sentence opening or closing participle. |
| Determiner | One of the closed-class words, a signaler of nouns. These include articles (a, the), possessive nouns and pronouns (Chuck's, his), demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those), and indefinite pronouns (many, each). |
| Headword | The key word in a phrase: the little "boy" across the street; has been "playing." |
| Nonrestrictive (commenting) modifier | A modifier in the noun phrase that comments about the noun rather than defines it. When they follow the noun, they are set off by commas. |
| Noun phrase | The noun headword with all of its attendant pre- and post noun modifiers. |
| Objective case | The role in the sentence of a noun phrase or pronoun when it functions as an object--direct object, indirect object, object complement, or object of a preposition. |
| Participial phrase | A verb phrase containing a present or past participle and functioning as an adjectival, the modifier of a noun: the students "organizing the march." (usually ends with ing or ed/en). |
| Past participle | (en/ed) the form of the verb used with the auxiliary "have" to form the perfect tenses in the active voice and with "be" to form the passive voice. |
| Possessive case | The inflected form of nouns (John's, the dog's) and pronouns (my, his, your, her, their, whose, etc.), usually indicating possession or ownership. |
| Prepositional phrase | The combination of a preposition and its object. In form, the object of the preposition is usually a noun phrase (After "class," he worked at a clinic.) It can also be a phrase with a gerund. |
| Present participle | The --ing form of the verb used in the progressive tense (writing.) |
| Referent | The thing (person, event, concept, action, etc.) that a word refers to or stands for. |
| Relative adverb | The adverbs where, when, and why, which introduce relative clauses: The town "where" I was born only had one traffic light. |
| Relative clause | A clause modifying a noun phrase, introduced by a relative pronoun (who, which, that) or a relative adverb (when, where, why): The car "that Joe bought" is a lemon. |
| Relative pronoun | The pronouns who (whos, whom), which, and that in their role as introducers of relative clauses. |
| Restrictive (defining) modifier | A modifier in the noun phrase whose function is to restrict, or define, the meaning of the noun. A modifier is restrictive when it is needed to identify the referent of the headword. It is not set off by commas. |
| Sentence modifier | A word or phrase or clause that modifies the sentence as a whole. |
| Subjective case | The role in the sentence of a noun phrase or a pronoun when it functions as the subject of the sentence. Personal pronouns have distinctive inflected forms for the subjective case: I, he, she, they, etc. |
| Adjective phrase | A group of words that functions as a single adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun in a sentence to provide more descriptive detail; an adjective is the headword. |
| Sentence from reading | Adjectives and nouns fill the position between the determiner and the headword. Adjectives are frequently used as modifiers, and more than one is often present. |
| Generally, determiners, adjectives, and nouns come before the noun headword | True. |
| A determiner occupies the opening position of the noun phrase | True; common determiners are numbers, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, etc. The, that, Ben's, every such, his, such a, a, etc. |
| Use a comma between preheadword modifiers if it is possible to insert "and" between them. | True; exciting and innovative concept can turn into "exciting, innovative concept. |
| Modifiers can be modified/qualified. When the first modifier is an ly adverb, it does not get connected with a hyphen. | True. |
| Compound modifiers and complete phrases (not ly adverbs) do require a hyphen. | True; English-speaking world. An off-the-wall idea. |
| You can avoid a string of modifiers by using an "of" phrase. | True; example: A meeting "of the" faculty curriculum committee. The "of" phrase will replace the last modifier in the string, making it more condensed. |
| The adjectival prepositional phrase follows the headword and functions just like an adverbial prep. phrase, but answers the question "which one" regarding the noun | True. EX: The security guard "in our building" knows every tenant. The prepositional phrase answers the question "which security guard?" |
| When an adjective is linked to another adjective or expanded with qualifiers, it can occupy a position following the headword, where it will be set off by commas. | True; EX: The hikers, "hot and tired," trudged the last mile to their campsite. |
| Adjective phrases can also open sentences when the subject is a personal pronoun. | EX: Obedient to instinct, he bites his prey at the neck. |
| The participial phrase is a verb or verbal phrase headed by the present or past tense participle form of the verb | EX: The helicopter "hovering over the roof" frightened the dogs. These phrases resemble sentences, giving the noun and participle that modifies it a subject--predicate relationship. |
| The majority of participle phrases do not have auxiliaries, but sometimes "have" or "be" will be used. | True. |
| When a participle is a single word (the verb with no complements or modifiers) it usually occupies the adjective preheadword position. | EX: Our "snoring" visitor kept the household awake. |
| When we move a participle phrase to the front of the sentence, it must be set off by a comma and the subject of the main clause will be he subject of the participle. | "Carrying all their supplies," the hikers... |
| A single word participle can fill the preheadword adjective space. It can also come at the end of a sentence. | True; EX: "Exasperated," she made the decision to leave. |
| The participle can open or close the sentence only if the subject of the participle is also the subject of the sentence; otherwise, the participle will dangle. | True: "Having slept little on the plane, " the thought of meeting was unwelcome (different subject.) |
| The relative clause is a longer version of the participial phrase; it is introduced by a relative pronoun (that, who, or which) or a relative adverb (where, when, why.) It follows the noun and does not have movability. | The helicopter "that was hovering over the roof." |
| The relative pronoun "who" has different forms depending on its case (its role in the clause) who (subjective/subject), whose (possessive), and whom (objective, direct object, etc.) | True; the man "who" called that night, the student "whose" notes I borrowed, Josh Lee, "whom" the manager traded. |
| If the clause is restrictive (not set off by commas) it can be deleted IF it functions as a direct object/object. If it is nonrestrictive (set off by commas) it cannot be removed. | True. |
| The relative pronoun "that" always introduces restrictive clauses (not set off by commas.) | True; this means "that" can be omitted. |
| If the relative pronoun functions as the subject in its clause, it cannot be omitted. | True; EX: The cell phone "that rang in class" belonged to the teacher. We cannot remove this because it specifies what cell phone it was. |
| Broad reference is when a relative clause introduced by "which" does not refer to a particular noun but rather the idea of the main clause. | EX: Joe bought a gas guzzler, "which surprised me." (the which is not referring back to the subject.) |
| You can fix a broad reference sentence using a sentence appositive, which is when you use "that" to replace "which." | EX: Joe bought a gas guzzler, a decision "that" surprised me. You give the clause nouns to modify. |
| Restrictive (no commas) = identifying or defining Nonrestrictive (commas) = commenting | True; use commas to set off commenting (nonrestrictive) modifiers when the reader already knows the referent or if there is only one possible referent. |
| After any proper noun the modifier is nonrestrictive (has commas.) After any common noun that has only one possible referent, the modifier will be nonrestrictive. | 1. Willamette University, "established seven years before the Gold Rush of 1849..." 2. The highest mountain in the world, "which resisted the efforts of climbers until 1953..." |
Created by:
FaithMcBaith
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