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Bio101 Unit 3
Cell (plasma membrane), metabolism, cell respiration (half of)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell | Unit of basic structure and function -Can perform all activities required for life -All cells contain certain characteristics -High degree of diversity as well |
| Prokaryotes | Lack nucleus and other membrane bound organelles |
| Eukaryotes | Contain membrane bound organelles, including enclosed nucleus |
| Energetically coupled | Catabolic reactions give off heat that is consumed for anabolic reactions |
| Carrier molecules | ATP NADH FADH2 (Molecules that undergo oxidation) |
| ATP | Transport work (Active Transport) Chemical work (Transfer of a phosphate group → substrate → products) Mechanical work (Movement of cells, movement of motor proteins along microtubules for intracellular transport) |
| Hydrolysis | Break down of polymers by adding a water molecule to the polymer. Releases energy, which may be captured as ATP |
| Cells | -possess barreie between themselves and their environment (plasma membrane) -generate, store, and use energy -store, interpret, and replicate instructions for life (DNA) |
| Prokaryotic cells | Make up body of single-celled bacteria an archaea Smaller with fewer internal components |
| Eukaryotic cells | In some single-celled organisms and all multicellular organisms (fungi, plants, and animals) Larger with more internal structures |
| Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | Have barrier b/w themselves and environment: plasma membr and/or cell wall Generate, store, and use nrg: cytosol w/ solutes, sugars and metabolic enzymes Store, interpret, and replicate instructions for life (DNA): DNA, RNA, ribosomes, & proteins |
| Prokaryotic cells | Bacteria have a plasma membr and a cell wall Cytosol/cytoplasm interior DNA is found in nucleoid RNA, ribosomes, and proteins are found throughout the cytosol Other specialized structures present (such as flagella), depending on the species |
| Cytosol/Cytoplasm | Water-based, semifluid material, where many solutes are dissolved |
| Nucleoid | Non-membrane enclosed region of the cytosol |
| Eukaryotic cells | Plasma membr (sometimes cell wall), cytosol/cytoplasm, DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and proteins Internal, membrane-bound structures with specialized functions called organelles |
| Organelles | Internal, membrane-bound structures with specialized functions in eukaryotes not prokaryotes |
| Plasma membrane | Eukaryotic cells possess an external plasma membrane – and in animal cells, the plasma membrane is their only external barrier PM forms an external boundary for the cell and mediates interaction b/w the cell and its environment Lipids make up most of PM |
| Plasma membrane | Phospholipids are abundant within plasma membrane Amphiphilic structure of phospholipid affects the way they organize in water (phospholipid bilayer) |
| Plasma Membrane | Phospholipid bilayer in PM Hydrophilic heads exterior, hydrophobic tails interior BILAYER IS SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE – some small molecules can cross freely, but most cannot Proteins embedded w/in bilayer to mediate functions (transport, signaling, etc) |
| Would pass through the selectively permeable, phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane | Gases, non polar molecules, small molecules Not polar molecules, big molecules, polar/charged molecules (specifically due to hydrophobic core) |
| Central dogma | Cells store genetic info in DNA in nuclei Cells interpret that DNA by converting DNA sequence into a molecule of RNA (mRNA) thru transcription mRNA, encodes the instructions to build a protein, thru translation that occurs on ribosomes |
| Nucleus | Prominent, membrane-bound organelle that houses the cell’s genome This is the site of: DNA Replication, repair, and transcription Inside is chromatin, nucleolus, proteins (that help processes) |
| DNA Replication | copying of DNA in cell in preparation of cell division |
| Pyruvate to acetylene Coenzyme A | Aerobic respiration Pyruvate converted to Acetyl CoA Carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate, prod 1 molec of CO2, nrg released from carboxyl group -> NADH Remaining two-carbon molec binds to CoA, producing ACoA - substrate in the citric acid cycle |
| Transcription | DNA sequence used to make an RNA molecule |
| Chromatin | DNA + associated proteins that help keep the DNA strands organized |
| Nucleolus | the region of DNA that includes the genes to make ribosomal RNA (rRNA), is often densely packed with rRNA, and as a result it often stains more intensely |
| Nuclear envelope | specific plasma membrane in nucleus proteins embedded within to form pores that allow proteins to enter and RNA to leave nucleus |
| Ribosome structure and function | Structures built from proteins and rRNA Note that they are not membrane bound They are found throughout the cytoplasm – some close to nuclear pores, many attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, and some free floating in the cytoplasm |
| Ribosome structure and function | Site of translation Bind to messenger RNA (mRNA), “read” the code in the mRNA sequence, and use those instructions to build proteins |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | series of membranes forming tubes and sacs throughout much of the interior of the cell |
| cisternae | Tubes and sacs in the ER |
| Lumen | Interior of cisternae Fluid-filled, but contains different materials than those found in cytoplasm |
| Smooth ER | Site of lipid synthesis no ribosomes Specialized functions -Calcium storage for muscle contractions -Enzymes for detoxification in liver |
| Rough ER | Ribosomes embedded into outer surface of ER Ribosomes produce proteins that are transports into RER lumen Here proteins can be modified (often carbohydrate attaches) |
| Endomembrane system | Series of membrane bound structures that are connect by transport vesicles that carry material material back and forth |
| Endomembrane system | Nuclear envelope -> Both ER's -> Golgi apparatus-> Plasma membrane -> Lysosome various transport vesicles shuttle back and forth b/w these structures |
| Transport vesicles | Small, lipid-encased spheres that carry cargo inside of them Bud off the surface of one structure's membrane and then fuse with their destination to deliver their cargo |
| Golgi apparatus | Receives transport vesicles from ER, repackages them, and sends new vesicles offf to cellular destinations |
| Cis-face | Receiving side of Golgi apparatus |
| Trans face | Shipping side of Golgi apparatus |
| Golgi apparatus | Molec can be further modified here (ex. glycosylation) Monomers can polymerize Molec sorted, and a chemical group is added to make sure moles reaches its destination Moved into new transport vesicles to be sent to final destination |
| Glycosylation | Carbohydrate being added to a protein |
| Lysosomes | Specialized vesicles that help become functional structures NOT TRANSPORT Contain powerful enzymes that can destroy waste; autophagy and phagocytosis |
| Autophagy | Old, dysfunctional organelles can be digested and their parts can be re-used |
| Phagocytosis | Any waste that the cell engulfs at the cell surface, can be directed to the lysosome for destruction |
| Mitochondria & Chloroplast | Own, circular DNA that isn't linear, similar to a prokaryote Own ribosomes Led to Endosymbiont theory |
| Endosymbiont Theory | Mitochondria & chloroplasts were originally prokaryotes that were engulfed by a larger cell, but weren’t destroyed Two separate engulfing events– first prok engulfed evolved into mitochondrion, second prok was photosynthetic and evolved into chloroplast |
| Double membrane structure of Mitochondria | External membrane that encases Internal membrane that is highly folded (each fold called a cristae) Two distinct spaces Inner-most space - matrix Space b/w membranes -> inter membrane space |
| Mitochondria | Inner membrane is full of embedded enzymes for cellular respiration which allows cell to generate ATP |
| Chloroplast | double membrane with inter membrane space Interior lumen contains series of interconnected sacs called thylakoids, surround by fluid called stroma |
| 3 separate spaces in Chloroplast | Intermembrane space Stroma (fluid that surrounds thylakoid - interconnected sacs) Thylakoid space (interior of thylakoids) |
| Chloroplast | Site of photosynthesis Green pigments (chlorophyll) embedded w/in thylakoids absorb sunlight Enzymes in thylakoid and stroma capture energy from sun and store it in organic molecules |
| Cytoskeleton | Provides internal shape and structure to cell Internal transport w/in cell Cell movement Cell division |
| 3 components of cytoskeleton (largest to smallest) | Microtubules Intermediate filaments Microfilaments |
| Microfilaments | Small, made of actin (protein) Typically beneath cell membrane where they can have roles in cell shape and cell movement |
| Amoeboid movement | Crawling type of movement driven by microfilaments Actin grow on one side of the cell, pushing the membrane out in that direction, forming a pseudopod Reset of cell gets pulled behind, and cell moves forward |
| Intermediate filaments | Skeleton function; structure, anchoring organelles, reinforcing attachments b/w adjacent cells Distributed throughout cytoplasms Multiple proteins can form, but most common is keratin |
| Keratin | Intermediate filament protein found in high concentration in cells of the skin, including hair and nails Remains after cells die |
| Microtubules | Made of protein called tubulin Center of cell outward toward cell membrane Transport vesicles and organelles within cell Organize chromosomes during cell division Form internal structures of specialized cell structures - flagella and cilia |
| Microtubules | Anchored by structure called centrosome, which is located near nucleus Radiate outward from centrosome, conveniently forming "roads" by which other structures in the cell can travel |
| Microtubules | Can be used as tracks for intracellular transport Motor proteins |
| Flagella | long, mobile tails that propel cell through fluids |
| Cilia | Shorter, hair like structures that may or may not be mobile Can assist with cell movement or perform other functions |
| Plasma membrane | External boundary around all animal cells and carries functions such as Held together by weak hydrophobic interactions Creating a barrier Mediating transport Interacting with the environment |
| Phospholipids | Not static within the membrane |
| Fluidity of membrane | Ability of cell to remain fluid and dynamic, allowing for movement of components (lipids and proteins) Depends on Temp Phospholipid structure Membrane composiiton |
| Temperature's affect on membrane fluidity | Cooling switches fluid state to solid state |
| Phospholipid structure's effect on fluidity | Ratio of saturated: unsaturated hydrocarbon tails Single bond of carbon: Double bonds of carbon More unsaturated tails, increases membrane fluidity ; less tightly packed, more movement |
| Membrane composition and fluidity | Cholesterol modulates to maintain stability across temps, and membr proteins restrict lipid movement High temp, decr fluidity; inhibit phospholipid movement Low temp, increases fluidity preventing phospholipids from highly packing together |
| Fluid mosaic model | Plasma membrane model, has lipids and many associated proteins |
| Peripheral protein | Membrane protein Bound to surface of membrane |
| Integral protein | Membrane protein Penetrate hydrophobic core |
| Transmembrane protein | Integral proteins that span/take up the entire membrane Hydrophobic regions of integral proteins consist of non polar amino acids |
| Transport proteins | Transport other molecules across membrane that can pass through the selectively permeable membrane |
| Passive diffusion | Free diffusion across membrane, down the concentration gradient |
| Facilitated diffusion | Certain molecules that can't cross hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer need to be able to freely diffuse into and out of the cell Also in direction of concentration gradient Membrane proteins can mediated this diffusion (Channel and Carrier proteins) |
| Channel protein | provide a hydrophilic tunnel for solutes to travel through |
| Carrier proteins | bind the solute on one side of the membrane and release it to the other side |
| Passive diffusion | movement directly across the phospholipid bilayer, down the concentration gradient |
| Facilitated diffusion | movement through a transport protein, down the concentration gradient |
| Osmosis | facilitated water diffusion Water moves from hypotonic side to hypertonic side; until equilibrium is reached with no net movement of water Isotonic - same solute concentration |
| Active transport | Anytime a cell moves a solute against concentration gradient (from side of membrane with lower concentration to side with high) ENERGY IS REQUIRED |
| Vesicles | Used by large molecules to enter and exit the cell, since transport proteins are not large enough to act as large organic macromolecules |
| Exocytosis | Vesicles (that carry cell products), leaving Golgi, fusing with plasma membrane and emptying its contents outside of cell Products such as signal molecules, secretory products, and glycosylated proteins undergo the same process |
| Endocytosis | extracellular materials engulfed by portions of plasma membrane, which then pinch off to form intracellular vesicles surrounding engulfed material Multiple mechanisms depend on the materials being endocytosed and its destination in the cell |
| Kinetic energy | Energy of movement Thermal or Electromagnetic energy |
| Thermal energy | temperature measures molecular movement, and moving molecules can transfer energy in the form of heat |
| Electromagnetic energy | the energy within particles that move in waves like photons (in light) |
| Potential energy | Stored energy, in a non-moving object |
| First law of thermodynamics | Energy can be converted from one form to another, but not destroyed (unless acted upon by an outside force) |
| Metabolism | Chemical reactions in our bodies, many involving energy transformation Energy from food to our cells for function |
| Catabolic reaction | Molecules are broken down and the PE in their chem bonds are released and converted into ATP Most energy used to do cellular work, but some is lost in the form of heat (exergonic reactions) Ex. Glycolysis |
| Exergonic reaction | Energy releasing reactions (Gibbs free energy) Occur spontaneously, don't require energy to proceed Different than exothermic because they can release nrg in other forms than heat, such as work |
| Anabolic reaction | Cells build new molec from smaller building blocks Existing org in cell is converted into PE of new chem bonds Cell MUST provide nrg, as it is consumed in rxc Endergonic Ex. photosynthesis |
| Endergonic | nrg consuming rxcs, NOT spontaneously, needs nrg input |
| Enzyme | specialized protein/catalyst which increases rate at chem reactions occur Lower activation energy Can bind to reactants into active site/substrate Can drive endergonic reactions |
| Activation energy | Small input of energy needed to get reactants to/over the transition state |
| Cellular respiration | Most important energy producing reaction in cell Catabolic, exergonic Goal is to release PE in glucose covalent bonds |
| Oxidation-Reduction reactions | energy transfer during cellular respiration through TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS |
| Reduced electron | Electron acceptor, become more negatively charged, gains energy |
| Oxidized electron | Electron donor, becomes more positively charged, loses energy |
| Oxidized electrons | NADH FADH2 ATP |
| Reduced electrons | NAD+ FAD+ ADP |
| Glycolysis | Breakdown glucose to make some ATP Anaerobic Cytoplasm C6H12O6 + 2 ATP -> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP |
| Pyruvate to acetylene Coenzyme A | Convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA, so it can enter citric acid/ Krebs cycle Mitochondrial matrix 2 pyruvate + 2 CoA -> 2 A CoA + 2NADH (goes to electron transport chain) + 2CO2 |
| Glycolysis | Two moles G3P highly energized following breakage of covalent bonds Some of nrg is transferred to NAD+ to generate NADH (2 total) Some nrg transferred as Pi groups to ADP to generate ATP (4 total) Two 3-carbon molec (pyruvate) |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr
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